''Pistacia atlantica'' is a species of
pistachio tree
The pistachio (, ''Pistacia vera''), a member of the cashew family, is a small tree originating from Central Asia and the Middle East. The tree produces seeds that are widely consumed as food.
''Pistacia vera'' is often confused with other sp ...
known by the
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
common name Mt. Atlas mastic tree, Atlas pistachio, Atlantic pistacio, Atlantic terebinth, Cyprus turpentine tree,
and Persian turpentine tree.
''P. atlantica'' has three subspecies or varieties which have been described as ''atlantica'', ''cabulica,'' and ''mutica''. According to
molecular phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
studies, ''P. atlantica'' subsp. ''kurdica'' is actually a separate species, ''
Pistacia eurycarpa
''Pistacia eurycarpa'', known formerly as ''Pistacia atlantica'' subsp. ''kurdica'' and commonly as Persian turpentine tree, is a species of ''Pistacia'' native to southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, Iran, Armenia, and Antilebanon. It is called ...
''.
Names
In
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
it is called ''baneh'' or ''wild pistachio tree''.
[Pourreza, M., et al. (2008)]
Sustainability of wild pistachio (''Pistacia atlantica'' Desf.) in Zagros forests, Iran.
''Forest Ecology and Management'' 255 3667-71. In
Tamazight
The Berber languages, also known as the Amazigh languages or Tamazight,, ber, label=Tuareg Tifinagh, ⵜⵎⵣⵗⵜ, ) are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They comprise a group of closely related languages spoken by Berber communi ...
, it is known as Tijjeɣt. In the Canary Islands it is known as Almacigo, and in Arabic it is called (''buṭm'' or ''buṭum''). In southern
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
, in
Bandar-Abbas
Bandar Abbas or Bandar-e ‘Abbās ( fa, , , ), is a port city and capital of Hormozgān Province on the southern coast of Iran, on the Persian Gulf. The city occupies a strategic position on the narrow Strait of Hormuz (just across from Musan ...
in
Hormozgān Province, it is called ''kasoudang'' and in
Bushehr
Bushehr, Booshehr or Bushire ( fa, بوشهر ; also romanised as ''Būshehr'', ''Bouchehr'', ''Buschir'' and ''Busehr''), also known as Bandar Bushehr ( fa, ; also romanised as ''Bandar Būshehr'' and ''Bandar-e Būshehr''), previously Antioc ...
it is called ''kolkhong''. In
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...
it is commonly known as ''melengiç''. In Kurdish the tree is called darwan or daraban, and the seed is called qezwan (). In Pashto it is called Shanna.And in Balochi it is called Gowan.
Description
![Pistacia atlantica, Elah Valley, June 2015](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Pistacia_atlantica%2C_Elah_Valley%2C_June_2015.jpg)
''Pistacia atlantica'' is a
deciduous
In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...
tree growing up to tall with branches spreading and growing erect to form a dense crown. The trunk is stout and covered in fissured bark. Old trees may have trunks measuring in diameter; it may take 200 years for a tree to reach wide.
[ The leaves are pinnate, each with seven to 9 lance-shaped leaflets.
The leaves and branches often have ]gall
Galls (from the Latin , 'oak-apple') or ''cecidia'' (from the Greek , anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants, fungi, or animals. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to be ...
s when the tree is infested with gall-producing species of aphid
Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A t ...
s, including '' Pemphigus utricularis'',[ '' Slavum wertheimae'', and '' Forda riccobonii''.][Martinez, J. J. I. (2008). Impact of a gall-inducing aphid on ''Pistacia atlantica'' Desf. trees. ''Arthropod-Plant Interactions'' 2:3 147-51.]
The tree is dioecious
Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproductio ...
with male and female trees producing different types of flowers. Both types are small and greenish and fall away quickly. Monoecious
Monoecy (; adj. monoecious ) is a sexual system in seed plants where separate male and female cones or flowers are present on the same plant. It is a monomorphic sexual system alongside gynomonoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy.
Monoecy is conne ...
and hermaphrodite
In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite () is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes.
Many Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrate ...
trees have been seen, but are unusual. The oblong, fleshy, oily fruit borne by the female tree is long and pink in color, ripening to blue. It grows slowly, and can reach 1000 years old. It has broken bark with ashen gray color. Older branches have the same design, fractured and ash color, which gives the tree a grizzled look. The leaves are oval, almost sessile, shining above, and dark green, with seven to 9 leaflets, imparipinnate with petioles a little winged, flowers in racemes lax, the male and female on different trees.
The flowers are unisexual
Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproductio ...
, small, discreet green, thick as pea fruit, then changing to reddish blue.
In colder areas the leaves in May check and fall in November. Though dioecious, in some communities males dominate the female specimens in number. It grows in oak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...
woodlands and oak sclerophyll
Sclerophyll is a type of vegetation that is adapted to long periods of dryness and heat. The plants feature hard leaf, leaves, short Internode (botany), internodes (the distance between leaves along the stem) and leaf orientation which is paral ...
us. The fruits ripen from July to October, starting to bear fruit at the age of eight to 10 years, with abundant fruit after two to three years.
Distribution
It is native to a section of Eurasia
Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago a ...
from North Africa
North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...
to the Iranian Plateau
The Iranian plateau or Persian plateau is a geological feature in Western Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. It comprises part of the Eurasian Plate and is wedged between the Arabian Plate and the Indian Plate; situated between the Zagros ...
, where it was once common.[''Pistacia atlantica'' Desf.]
FAO Fact Sheet Because other trees were rare, it was the only good source of wood
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin th ...
and was overharvested
Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. Continued overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource, as it will be unable to replenish. The term ap ...
, reducing its current distribution.[ It is a common tree in mountain forests in Iran,][ and it is "characteristic" of the landscape in parts of ]Algeria
)
, image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, relig ...
outside the Sahara
, photo = Sahara real color.jpg
, photo_caption = The Sahara taken by Apollo 17 astronauts, 1972
, map =
, map_image =
, location =
, country =
, country1 =
, ...
.[Yousfi, M., et al. (2002). Letter to the Editor: Fatty acids and sterols of ''Pistacia atlantica'' fruit oil. ''Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society'' 79:10 1049-50.]
The ''almacigo'' is a tree that extends from the North Africa and found in thermophilous forests, up to 600 m altitude. It is one of the few deciduous species native to the Canary archipelago.
It is native of Eurasia, the Iranian Plateau
The Iranian plateau or Persian plateau is a geological feature in Western Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. It comprises part of the Eurasian Plate and is wedged between the Arabian Plate and the Indian Plate; situated between the Zagros ...
, to northern Africa.[
Azerbaijan (Soltanbud forest)
]
Uses
There are many uses for this plant. This wild pistachio is the most economically important tree in many parts of Iran, including the Zagros Mountains
The Zagros Mountains ( ar, جبال زاغروس, translit=Jibal Zaghrus; fa, کوههای زاگرس, Kuh hā-ye Zāgros; ku, چیاکانی زاگرۆس, translit=Çiyakani Zagros; Turkish: ''Zagros Dağları''; Luri: ''Kuh hā-ye Zāgro ...
, where it is managed as a valuable forest tree.[ The ]resin
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers. Resins are usually mixtures of organic compounds. This article focuses on natu ...
and fruit oil were historically used for a variety of medicinal purposes
''Medicinal Purposes'' is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series ''Doctor Who''.
Plot
Edinburgh, 1827. Body snatchers William Burke and William Hare are on the loose while the ...
.[ The resin, known in Iran as ''saqez'', is still an important commodity.][
An important use is to combat ]soil erosion
Soil erosion is the denudation or wearing away of the upper layer of soil. It is a form of soil degradation. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice (glaciers), snow, air (wind), plants, and ...
. It strengthens the soil, and is used for reforestation of arid and steep slopes and against landslide
Landslides, also known as landslips, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated grade (slope), slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows. Landslides occur in a variety of ...
s. It is stronger than ''Pistacia terebinthus
''Pistacia terebinthus'' also called the terebinth and the turpentine tree, is a deciduous tree species of the genus ''Pistacia'', native to the Mediterranean region from the western regions of Morocco and Portugal to Greece and western and s ...
'', where it is used as rootstock in Ukraine and the United States for growing ''Pistacia vera
The pistachio (, ''Pistacia vera''), a member of the cashew family, is a small tree originating from Central Asia and the Middle East. The tree produces seeds that are widely consumed as food.
''Pistacia vera'' is often confused with other spe ...
'', but resists frost better than ''P. terebinthus''.
The resin is used to manufacture alcohol and lacquer
Lacquer is a type of hard and usually shiny coating or finish applied to materials such as wood or metal. It is most often made from resin extracted from trees and waxes and has been in use since antiquity.
Asian lacquerware, which may be ca ...
. Its essential oil
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the o ...
s are used in perfume industry. The leaves are rich in tannin
Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.
The term ''tannin'' (from Anglo-Norman ''tanner'', ...
s, up to 20% in the galls caused by an aphid
Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A t ...
parasite, used as the raw material for tanning in the leather industry. The sap is dried and used as incense, and its smoke releases a pleasant smell to the local environment for celebrations and religious ceremonies, as "incense
Incense is aromatic biotic material that releases fragrant smoke when burnt. The term is used for either the material or the aroma. Incense is used for aesthetic reasons, religious worship, aromatherapy, meditation, and ceremony. It may also be ...
". The tannins from the galls were used for tanning
Tanning may refer to:
*Tanning (leather), treating animal skins to produce leather
*Sun tanning, using the sun to darken pale skin
**Indoor tanning, the use of artificial light in place of the sun
**Sunless tanning, application of a stain or dye t ...
.[
]
Food
The pistachio fruits are a food source in the area, but the more commonly cultivated pistachio tree ''P. vera'' is more valuable for food production.[ The seeds, like pistachio, are edible ]oil seed
Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are oils extracted from seeds or from other parts of fruits. Like animal fats, vegetable fats are ''mixtures'' of triglycerides. Soybean oil, grape seed oil, and cocoa butter are examples of seed oils, or f ...
s, like nuts, and contain up to 60% fat. Candy made with ''P. atlantica'' in Turkish are called ''tsukpi pistachio''. Sometimes, the immature fruit is harvested and eaten with sour milk
Soured milk denotes a range of food products produced by the acidification of milk. Acidification, which gives the milk a tart taste, is achieved either through bacterial fermentation or through the addition of an acid, such as lemon juice or vineg ...
. The plant contains a resin
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers. Resins are usually mixtures of organic compounds. This article focuses on natu ...
, used as chewing gum in Kevan, Turkey, where it is called ''kevove'' rubber tree.
The resin of the tree is called Cyprus turpentine or Cyprus balsam and used to make chewing gum in Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is geo ...
. It has been reported to have significant antimicrobial
An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals ar ...
and antifungal
An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as crypto ...
activity. Twenty-six compounds in hexane
Hexane () is an organic compound, a straight-chain alkane with six carbon atoms and has the molecular formula C6H14.
It is a colorless liquid, odorless when pure, and with boiling points approximately . It is widely used as a cheap, relatively ...
extract were identified. The major compounds were α-pinene
α-Pinene is an organic compound of the terpene class, one of two isomers of pinene. It is an alkene and it contains a reactive four-membered ring. It is found in the oils of many species of many coniferous trees, notably the pine. It is also ...
57.06%, β-pinene 9.83%, trans-pinocarveol
Pinocarveol is an organic compound with the formula C10H16O. It is a Bicyclic molecule, bicyclic Monoterpene, monoterpenoid, which is a combination of two isoprene units with one hydroxyl group as a substituent. It exists as either ''trans''- or ' ...
2.95%, trans-Verbenol
Verbenol (2-pine-4-ol) is a group of stereoisomeric bicyclic monoterpene alcohols. These compounds have been found to be active components of insect pheromones and essential oils. Isomers
Four stereoisomers of verbenol are known. For the ''cis'' ...
3.97%, α-Phellandren-8-ol 3.81%.
It is used in a food in Fars province in Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
, named "OuBanneh" (اوبنه).
The raw fruits of the wild pistachio are not favored as food and are said to taste like turpentine
Turpentine (which is also called spirit of turpentine, oil of turpentine, terebenthene, terebinthine and (colloquially) turps) is a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin harvested from living trees, mainly pines. Mainly used as a special ...
. They are about 45% oil.[
]
Cultivation
''Pistacia atlantica'' is planted as an ornamental shadebearing and drought-tolerant
Drought tolerance is the ability to which a plant maintains its biomass production during arid or drought conditions. Some plants are naturally adapted to dry conditions'','' surviving with protection mechanisms such as desiccation tolerance, deto ...
landscape tree in garden
A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest wild garden is ''control''. The garden can incorporate both ...
s and park
A park is an area of natural, semi-natural or planted space set aside for human enjoyment and recreation or for the protection of wildlife or natural habitats. Urban parks are urban green space, green spaces set aside for recreation inside t ...
s. In California
California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...
it is imported to use as rootstock
A rootstock is part of a plant, often an underground part, from which new above-ground growth can be produced. It could also be described as a stem with a well developed root system, to which a bud from another plant is grafted. It can refer to a ...
for cultivated pistachio trees (''Pistacia vera'').[Jepson Manual Treatment]
/ref> Both introductions have led to its escape and current status as an occasional invasive species
An invasive species otherwise known as an alien is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment. Although most introduced species are neutral or beneficial with respect to other species, invasive species ad ...
in California.[LA & San Gabriel River Council]
''Pistacia atlantica''
/ref>
See also
*''Pistacia eurycarpa
''Pistacia eurycarpa'', known formerly as ''Pistacia atlantica'' subsp. ''kurdica'' and commonly as Persian turpentine tree, is a species of ''Pistacia'' native to southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, Iran, Armenia, and Antilebanon. It is called ...
'', used to be ''P. atlantica'' subsp. ''kurdica''
*''Pistacia lentiscus
''Pistacia lentiscus'' (also lentisk or mastic) is a dioecious evergreen shrub or small tree of the genus ''Pistacia'' native to the Mediterranean Basin. It grows up to tall and is cultivated for its aromatic resin, mainly on the Greek islan ...
'', the true mastic tree
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1788810
atlantica
Atlantica ( gr, Ατλαντικα; ''Atlantika'') is an ancient continent that formed during the Proterozoic about (two billion years ago, Ga) from various 2 Ga cratons located in what are now West Africa and eastern South America.
The name, ...
Flora of the Canary Islands
Flora of temperate Asia
Flora of North Africa
Flora of Malta
Flora of Yemen
Trees of Mediterranean climate
Medicinal plants
Garden plants of Africa
Ornamental trees
Flora of the Mediterranean Basin