Pinnae

The auricle or auricula is the visible part of the ear that is outside the head. It is also called the pinna (Latin for "wing" or "fin", plural pinnae), a term that is used more in zoology.

Structure

The diagram shows the shape and location of most of these components:

* ''antihelix'' forms a 'Y' shape where the upper parts are:
** ''Superior crus'' (to the left of the ''fossa triangularis'' in the diagram)
** ''Inferior crus'' (to the right of the ''fossa triangularis'' in the diagram)
* ''Antitragus'' is below the ''tragus''
* ''Aperture'' is the entrance to the ear canal
* ''Auricular sulcus'' is the depression behind the ear next to the head
* ''Concha'' is the hollow next to the ear canal
* Conchal angle is the angle that the back of the ''concha'' makes with the side of the head
* ''Crus'' of the helix is just above the ''tragus''
* ''Cymba conchae'' is the narrowest end of the ''concha''
* External auditory meatus is the ear canal
* ''Fossa triangularis'' is the depression in the fork of the ''antihelix''
* Helix is the folded over outside edge of the ear
* ''Incisura anterior auris'', or intertragic incisure, or intertragal notch, is the space between the ''tragus'' and ''antitragus''
* Lobe (lobule)
* ''Scapha'', the depression or groove between the helix and the anthelix
* Tragus

Development

The developing auricle is first noticeable around the sixth week of gestation in the human fetus, developing from the auricular hillocks, which are derived from the first and second pharyngeal arches. These hillocks develop into the folds of the auricle and gradually shift upwards and backwards to their final position on the head. En route accessory auricles (also known as preauricular tags) may be left behind. The first three hillocks are derived from the 1st branchial arch and form the tragus, crus of the helix, and helix, respectively. Cutaneous sensation to these areas is via the trigeminal nerve, the attendant nerve of the 1st branchial arch. The final three hillocks are derived from the second branchial arch and form the antihelix, antitragus, and lobule, respectively. These portions of the ear are supplied by the cervical plexus and a small portion by the facial nerve. This explains why vesicles are classically seen on the auricle in herpes infections of the facial nerve (Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II).

The auricle's functions are to collect sound and transform it into directional and other information. The auricle collects sound and, like a funnel, amplifies the sound and directs it to the auditory canal. The filtering effect of the human pinnae preferentially selects sounds in the frequency range of human speech.

Amplification and modulation

Amplification of sound by the pinna, tympanic membrane and middle ear causes an increase in level of about 10 to 15 dB in a frequency range of 1.5 kHz to 7 kHz. This amplification is an important factor in inner ear trauma resulting from elevated sound levels.

Non-electrical hearing apparatuses which were designed to protect hearing (particularly that of musicians and others who work in loud environments) which fit snugly in the concha have been studied by the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research (ISVR) at the University of Southampton in the U.K.

Notch of pinna

Due to its anatomy, the pinna largely eliminates a small segment of the frequency spectrum; this band is called the '. The pinna works differently for low and high frequency sounds. For low frequencies, it behaves similarly to a reflector dish, directing sounds toward the ear canal. For high frequencies, however, its value is thought to be more sophisticated. While some of the sounds that enter the ear travel directly to the canal, others reflect off the contours of the pinna first: these enter the ear canal after a very slight delay. This delay causes phase cancellation, virtually eliminating the frequency component whose wave period is twice the delay period. Neighboring frequencies also drop significantly. In the affected frequency band – the pinna notch – the pinna creates a band-stop or notch filtering effect. This filter typically affects sounds around 10 kHz, though it can affect any frequencies from 6 – 16 kHz. It also is directionally dependent, affecting sounds coming from above more than those coming from straight ahead. This aids in vertical sound localization.

Functions

In animals the function of the ''pinna'' is to collect sound, and perform spectral transformations to incoming sounds which enable the process of vertical localization to take place. It collects sound by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the auditory canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process, as well as frequency dependent amplitude modulation which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, vertical sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat.

Clinical significance

There are various visible ear abnormalities:

* traumatic injury
* infection
* wart, mole, birthmark
* scars, including keloids
* cystPinna abnormalities and low-set ears.
MedlinePlus.
* skin tag
* sunburn, frostbite
* pressure ulcer, often from a poorly fitting hearing aid
* anotia, absent pinna
* microtia, underdeveloped pinna
* cryptotia, a pinna covered beneath the skin of the scalpEar Deformities.
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine.
* Stahl's deformity, pointed pinna due to an extra fold of cartilage
* cupped or constricted ear deformity, a hooded superior helix
* preauricular pitNeonatal Dermatology: Ear Anomalies.
Auckland District Health Board.
* preauricular tag
* Darwin's tubercle, protuberance on the anterior helixHawke, M. (2003
Chapter 1: Diseases of the Pinna.
''Ear Disease: A Clinical Guide''. Hamilton, Ontario. Decker DTC.
* hypertrichosis, including hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita, a hairy pinna
* cauliflower ear, post-traumatic cartilage deformity
* tophus, nodule on the pinna related to gout
* chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis (Winkler's nodule), a nodule initiated by solar damage
* actinic keratosis and cutaneous horn, premalignant lesions caused by solar damage
* benign and malignant neoplasm, including tumors, keratoacanthoma, carcinoma

In other species

Visible auricles are a common trait in mammals, particularly placental mammals and marsupials, but are poorly developed or absent in monotremes. Many marine mammals usually have either reduced auricles or no auricals due to sound travelling differently in water than in air, as well as the fact that auricles would potentially slow them down in the water. Skin impressions show large, mouse-like auricles in Spinolestes.

External auricles are absent in other tetrapod groups such as reptiles, amphibians, and birds.

Additional images

File:Ear with earring.jpg, Left human pinna
File:Slide2COR.JPG, External ear. Right auricle. Lateral view.
File:Slide3COR.JPG, External ear. Right auricle. Lateral view.
File:Slide4COR.JPG, External ear. Right auricle. Lateral view.
File:Large, rounded, well-defined male ear.jpg, Male right auricle

See also

* Earrings for pierced ears
* Ear stapling

References

External links

drtbalu otolaryngology online
*

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Ear
Auditory system