The Pineapple gall adelgid (''Adelges abietis'') is a type of

conifer Conifers are a group of conifer cone, cone-bearing Spermatophyte, seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the phylum, division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a single ...

-feeding insect that forms pineapple-shaped plant

galls Galls (from the Latin , 'oak-apple') or ''cecidia'' (from the Greek , anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants, fungi, or animals. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to be ...

on its host species, commonly

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and t ...

and

Sitka spruce ''Picea sitchensis'', the Sitka spruce, is a large, coniferous, evergreen tree growing to almost tall, with a trunk diameter at breast height that can exceed 5 m (16 ft). It is by far the largest species of spruce and the fifth-larg ...

. The adelgids (genus ''

Adelges ''Adelges'' is a genus of insects which feed on conifers. Excepting galls formed by the spruce gall midge, galls are caused by aphid-like insects of the superfamily Phylloxeroidea (family Adelgidae) commonly known as the spruce gall adelgids. Th ...

'') are pear-shaped, soft-bodied green insects with long antennae, closely related to the

aphid Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A t ...

. ''Adelges'' lays up to one hundred eggs at a time, one on each needle. ''Adelges abietis'' (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most common species; synonyms are ''A. gallarum-abietis'', ''Chermes abietis'' and ''Sacciphantes abietis''. The pineapple or pseudocone gallDarlington, Arnold (1975) ''The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in Colour.'' Pub. Blandford Press. Poole. . P. 114. is a type of insect-formed

gall Galls (from the Latin , 'oak-apple') or ''cecidia'' (from the Greek , anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants, fungi, or animals. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to be ...

, or abnormal outgrowth of plant tissue, that develops as a chemically induced distortion of needles, observed mostly on Norway spruce and Sitka spruce.

Terminology and distribution

Prominent in appearance, the pineapple or pseudocone gall is often confused with the actual cone of the tree, due to their superficial resemblance. Pineapple galls are distinguishable by their small size, position on the base of budding twigs, and habit of the branch growing on and extending past the gall. The pineapple gall adelgid is endemic to Europe, belonging to the 'woolly adelgid' group; it is also widely distributed in the north-eastern United States. Spruce gall aphid, eastern spruce pineapple gall adelges and eastern spruce gall aphid are alternative names.Forestry compendium
/ref> This insect belongs to the superfamily Aphidoidea, and family Adelgidae. It is the primary pest of Norway Spruce. Another similar species, the Cooley spruce gall adelgid, is indigenous to North America. This adelgid usually affects Colorado Blue, Sitka, Englemann, and Oriental spruces.
/ref> The eastern spruce gall adelgid (''Adelges abietis'' Linnaeus) is an introduced species that feeds only on

spruce A spruce is a tree of the genus ''Picea'' (), a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth. ''Picea'' is the sole genus in the subfami ...

. At least in 1985, the species was found in Canada from Ontario eastward and in adjacent parts of the United States.

Physical appearance of the pineapple gall

The gall is formed from the swelling of the bases of the needles punctured by the feeding activity and activated by the saliva of the insect. The unilarval chambers are set in a woody core. The stem and needles of the host can continue growing beyond the position of the gall.Stubbs, F. B. Edit. (1986) ''Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls''. Pub. Brit Plant Gall Soc. . P. 38. Sitka and Norway spruce are the main hosts, but ''A. abietis'' galls can be found on Colorado blue, white, and red spruces. The yellowish green galls pass through pink and then reddish-brown colour phases. On average, they measure 1.5 to 3.0 cm in length. Similar galls are produced by other aphids: on Sitka spruce, by the Cooley spruce gall adelgid, '' Gilletteela cooleyi'', some generations of which migrate to

Douglas fir The Douglas fir (''Pseudotsuga menziesii'') is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is native to western North America and is also known as Douglas-fir, Douglas spruce, Oregon pine, and Columbian pine. There are three va ...

(''Pseudotsuga taxifolia''); and on spruce by ''Cnaphalodes sp''., which is

heteroecious A heteroecious parasite is one that requires at least two hosts. The ''primary host'' is the host in which the parasite spends its adult life; the other is the ''secondary host''. Both hosts are required for the parasite to complete its life cycle ...

with larch. The Cooley spruce gall adelgids form a larger gall, long, which usually covers the entire tip of infested new growth.

Life-cycle

Only females of the pineapple gall adelgid are known. In spring, the newly hatched nymphs formed from over-wintered eggs feed at the bases of the growing needles; the induced swellings eventually coalesce to form the pseudocone structure, each cell of which contains about twelve nymphs. The nymphs overwinter under wax threads at the base of buds.The eastern spruce gall adelgid
/ref> In late summer (July–September) the fully developed nymphs emerge from the galls and crawl out onto the needles, where they molt and develop wings. These adult adelgids may fly to other susceptible conifers, such as larch (''Larix''), pine (''Pinus'') and silver fir (''

Abies alba ''Abies alba'', the European silver fir or silver fir, is a fir native to the mountains of Europe, from the Pyrenees north to Normandy, east to the Alps and the Carpathians, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and sou ...

'') or may continue the cycle on the same tree, as some are poor flyers.Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid - Ohio University.
/ref> They die shortly afterwards, leaving the eggs, which resemble white, cottony twigs, protected beneath their bodies.
/ref> Several generations are raised on these secondary hosts, however no galls are formed. In July of the following year winged adelgid appear and fly to the spruces to breed there again, completing the life cycle.

Gall forming insects

Some

herbivorous A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthpart ...

insects create their own microhabitats by forming a highly distinctive plant structure called a

, made up of plant tissue, but controlled by the insect. Galls act as both the habitat, and food sources for the maker of the gall. The interior of a bedeguar gall is formed from the bud, and is composed of edible nutritious and structural tissues. Some galls act as "physiologic sinks", concentrating resources in the gall from the surrounding plant parts. Galls may also provide the insect with some physical protection from predators.

Infestations of pineapple galls

Galls interfere with the natural formation of twigs and cause curling, stunting and the eventual death of new growth. Heavy infestations give the trees a ragged, unsightly appearance. Thus galls prevent twig growth and, if they are abundant, may affect entire trees. Individual trees vary in susceptibility to attack; some appear immune, others suffer growth reduction, and some are eventually killed. By itself, gall growth rarely causes lasting damage, but tends to leave affected trees susceptible to other health problems, including infestation of disease causing organisms and other harmful insects. Trees growing on good sites are generally less susceptible to attack than those on poor sites.

Control

Removal and destruction of newly formed galls will reduce adelgid populations. Although old galls can be unsightly, their removal will not affect adelgid populations because the organisms have already emerged from these galls. On small trees, galled shoot tips can be pruned, but generally, this is a pest that can be tolerated.Royal Horticulture Society
/ref>

Biological control

There are no known effective parasites or predators of ''Adelges abietis''. Specimen trees in gardens may be afforded a degree of protection by hanging up fat balls to encourage tits which will also feed on the adelgid gall formers.The Gardeners Magazine. April 2008.

Pesticides

If control measures are required, spray with

bifenthrin Bifenthrin is a pyrethroid insecticide. It is widely used against ant infestations. It is not a restricted chemical in the United States and is commonly sold in hardware stores to control pests in homes. Chemical properties Bifenthrin is poorly ...

on a dry, mild day in late February to control the overwintering generation. Some insecticides can be applied early, preventing gall formation and insect colonization.

References

External links

Stanislaw Kinelski's Images - ''Adelges abietis''Bug Guide - Adelges abietis
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7195442 Insects described in 1758 Conifer pathogens and diseases Adelgidae Gall-inducing insects Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus