Vāraṇādrīśa, more commonly referred to as Pillai Lokacharya () (1205–1311 CE), was a prominent
Sri Vaishnava
Sri Vaishnavism, or the Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya, is a denomination within the Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism. The name refers to goddess Lakshmi (also known as Sri), as well as a prefix that means "sacred, revered", and the god Vishnu, who ...
leader and philosopher who authored several works important to
Vishishtadvaita
Vishishtadvaita ( IAST '; sa, विशिष्टाद्वैत) is one of the most popular schools of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. Vedanta literally means the in depth meaning ''of the Vedas.'' ''Vishisht Advaita'' (literal ...
philosophy.
Early life
Lokacharya is described to be a pupil of Kalijit, and Krishnapada, his father. At the beginning of the 14th century CE, when Tiruvarangam, his hometown, was greatly affected by the
invasion of Malik Kafur from the north, he left Tiruvarangam with Utsavara to protect Nampillai, the Utsavara of Aranganatha temple, from foreigners, and was enthroned in 1311 CE at Jyotishkudi near Yanimalai village, near Madurai, in his 106th year.
Philosophy
In his text of the ''Srivachana Bhushana'', the acharya expresses his belief in the unconscious purification of human acts even in their physical and mental planes. A robber escaping from custody may go round a temple or any spiritual environment. Any sinner may call his friend, perhaps as a brother sinner but who in this country is as usual named after God. ''Pillai'' writes that God in writing the account of this soul gives credit for his having been in a holy environment and for his addressing the Lord by His name—“''En uraicconnay, en peraicconnay”.''
Lokacharya believed that God's grace is spontaneous (''nirhetu'', 'without cause'), and should be sought not only through bhakti or active devotion, but met by
prapatti, a passive acceptance of God's grace that is supposed to be freely given.
Bhakti
''Bhakti'' ( sa, भक्ति) literally means "attachment, participation, fondness for, homage, faith, love, devotion, worship, purity".See Monier-Williams, ''Sanskrit Dictionary'', 1899. It was originally used in Hinduism, referring to d ...
was instructed to be of the ''marjara'' (cat) type, as opposed to the clinging monkey type of the school of
Desika. By this, he meant that man has merely to lay down his burdens and give himself up completely to God, like a kitten held in its mother's mouth. No exertion was regarded to be needed on the part of the devotee, and all he requires was supposed to be the spirit of complete and utter surrender. This reflects the views of the
Alvars. Lokacharya is the author of several works called ''Ashtadasa'' ''Rahasyangal'' (Eighteen Secrets) which were added to by his disciples and influenced a large, if licentious, following. Due to his teachings, the Tenkalai school regards the Tamil
Prabandham as canonical, and is indifferent to the Sanskrit tradition. This school adopted the unique doctrine of ''doshabhogya'', ‘sin-enjoyment', which holds that God enjoys, and indeed encourages, sin, the pleasures of the flesh, and moral transgression, since these provide a vehicle for the operation of divine grace, forgiveness, and love.
Works
The ''Ashtadasa Rahasyangal'' included eighteen texts, most of which were penned in
Manipravalam
Manipravalam (Malayalam: മണിപ്രവാളം, Tamil: மணிப்பிரவாளம்) is a macaronic language found in some manuscripts of South India. It is a hybrid language, typically written in the Grantha script, which combi ...
(a mix of the Tamil and Sanskrit languages).
# Mumukshupadi
# Tatvatrayam
# Artha Panjakam
# Srivachana Bhushanam
# Archiraadhi
# Prameya Sekaram
# Prapana Parithranam
# Sara Sangraham
# Samsara Samrajyam
# Navarathnamaalai
# Navavidha Sambandham
# Yadhruchikapadi
# Parandhapadi
# Sriya Pathi Padi
# Tatvashekaram
# Thani Dvayam
# Thani Charamam
# Thani Pranavam
Pillai is best known for his three works composed in
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
:
Tattva-traya
The ''Tattva-traya'' is a significant volume of the Sri Vaishnava school of thought, in which the nature of the inanimate ''(acit),'' the souls, the nature of God, and their mutual relations are dealt with at length.
Tattva-Shekara
The ''Tattva-Shekhara'' is a text with four chapters. The first chapter quotes scriptural evidences that bolster the perspective that
Narayana
Narayana (Sanskrit: नारायण, IAST: ''Nārāyaṇa'') is one of the forms and names of Vishnu, who is in yogic slumber under the celestial waters, referring to the masculine principle. He is also known as Purushottama, and is co ...
is the highest God, and the
Ultimate Reality; in the second chapter, the philosopher describes the nature of self by once again referencing scriptural testimony. The identical description of the nature of self is continued in the third chapter. In the fourth chapter, he deals with the ultimate goal of all souls, which he states to be self-surrender to God. He says that the ultimate ''summum bonum'' (''puruṣartha'') consists in the servitude (''kaiṅkarya'') to God, roused by love of him (''prīti-kārita''), due to the knowledge of one’s own nature, as well as the nature of God in all his divine beauty, majesty, power, and supreme excellence.
Srivachana Bhushana
The main contents of Pillai Lokacharya’s ''Srivachana Bhushana'' follow in a separate section in connection with the account of the commentary on it, and additional commentary by Saumya Jamatar muni (junior) and Raghuttama. The Srivachana Bhushana includes 484 small sentences longer than the ''Sura''-phrases, but is often shorter than ordinary philosophical sentences. Lokacharya followed this style in his other works as well, such as his ''Tattva-traya'' and ''Tattva-shekhara.''
Death
Pillai Lokacharya is stated to have fallen ill due to a fall from a nearby hill (today known as Yanamalai) and passed away in the year 1311 CE. Upon his deathbed, he advised his disciples such as Koorakuloththama Dasa and Vilanjsolai Pillai that Srisailesa was working for the king at Madurai, and that they should bring him back into the Sri Vaishnava fold. His samadhi temple still exists, present 1 km from the Narasimha temple at Othakadai, near Madurai.
According to legend, as he was dying, he started touching the ants and other such insects near him, with the belief that all those animals that were touched by a Sri Vaishnava would reach
Vaikuntha
Vaikuntha ( sa, वैकुण्ठ, lit=without anxiety, translit=Vaikuṇṭha), also called Vishnuloka (), and Tirunatu (Tirunāṭu) in Tamil, is the abode of Vishnu, the supreme deity in the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism,Gavin Flood, A ...
, the abode of Vishnu. This is taken as a demonstration of his compassion towards all living beings. Pillai Lokacharya lived to the age of 118 years before his demise.
Legacy
One of Pillai Lokacharya's best known disciples was
Manavala Mamunigal, who was a radical proponent of Sri Vaishnavism, and is revered prominently in the Tenkalai (southern art) denomination.
See also
*
Ramanuja
Ramanuja (Middle Tamil: Rāmāṉujam; Classical Sanskrit: Rāmanuja; 1017 CE – 1137 CE; ; ), also known as Ramanujacharya, was an Indian Hindu philosopher, guru and a social reformer. He is noted to be one of the most important exponents o ...
*
Manavala Mamunigal
References
External links
God according to ', ' and ' Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940
*
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20070721004145/http://www.srivaishnava.org/ Srivaishnava.orgbr>
Vedics FoundationPillai Lokacharya
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokacharya, Pillai
1205 births
1311 deaths
13th-century Indian philosophers
Vaishnavism
Sri Vaishnavism
Hindu philosophers and theologians
Indian centenarians
Medieval Hindu religious leaders
Men centenarians