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Most species utilize insects such as crickets, cockroaches, and beetles as intermediate hosts. Several species of ''Physaloptera'' can be parasites of primates and man. This rare disease is known as spiruridiasis.
Human infection is considered to be ancient; eggs of ''Physaloptera'' sp. were found in a grave of the
Systematics
''Physaloptera'' is a genus of parasiticnematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhab ...
s in the family Physalopteridae
Physalopteridae is a family (biology), family of spirurian nematodes,Railliet, A. (1893). Traité de Zoologie Médicale et Agricole. Deuxième Édition. Asselin et Houzeau, Paris which belongs to the Taxonomic rank, superfamily Physalopteroidea. ...
. Species include:
*''Physaloptera dilatata
Systematics
''Physaloptera'' is a genus of parasitic nematodes in the family Physalopteridae. Species include:
*'' Physaloptera dilatata''Muniz-Pereira et al., 2009, p. 11
*''Physaloptera dispar''
*'' Physaloptera hispida''Kinsella, 1974 ...
''Muniz-Pereira et al., 2009, p. 11
*''Physaloptera dispar
Systematics
''Physaloptera'' is a genus of parasitic nematodes in the family Physalopteridae. Species include:
*'' Physaloptera dilatata''Muniz-Pereira et al., 2009, p. 11
*'' Physaloptera dispar''
*'' Physaloptera hispida''Kinsella, 197 ...
''
*''Physaloptera hispida
''Physaloptera hispida'' is a parasitic nematode in the genus ''Physaloptera''. It has been found on the marsh rice rat (''Oryzomys palustris''), hispid cotton rat (''Sigmodon hispidus''), Florida mouse (''Podomys floridanus''), cotton mouse (' ...
''Kinsella, 1974, p. 9
*''Physaloptera losseni
Systematics
''Physaloptera'' is a genus of parasitic nematodes in the family Physalopteridae. Species include:
*'' Physaloptera dilatata''Muniz-Pereira et al., 2009, p. 11
*'' Physaloptera dispar''
*'' Physaloptera hispida''Kinsella, 197 ...
''
*''Physaloptera maxillaris
Systematics
''Physaloptera'' is a genus of parasitic nematodes in the family Physalopteridae. Species include:
*'' Physaloptera dilatata''Muniz-Pereira et al., 2009, p. 11
*'' Physaloptera dispar''
*'' Physaloptera hispida''Kinsella, 197 ...
''Dragoo and Sheffield, 2009, p. 5
*''Physaloptera murisbrasiliensis
Systematics
''Physaloptera'' is a genus of parasitic nematodes in the family Physalopteridae. Species include:
*'' Physaloptera dilatata''Muniz-Pereira et al., 2009, p. 11
*'' Physaloptera dispar''
*'' Physaloptera hispida''Kinsella, 197 ...
''
*''Physaloptera ngoci
Systematics
''Physaloptera'' is a genus of parasitic nematodes in the family Physalopteridae. Species include:
*''Physaloptera dilatata''Muniz-Pereira et al., 2009, p. 11
*''Physaloptera dispar''
*''Physaloptera hispida''Kinsella, 1974, p ...
''
*''Physaloptera preputialis
Systematics
''Physaloptera'' is a genus of parasitic nematodes in the family Physalopteridae. Species include:
*'' Physaloptera dilatata''Muniz-Pereira et al., 2009, p. 11
*'' Physaloptera dispar''
*'' Physaloptera hispida''Kinsella, 197 ...
''
*''Physaloptera retusa
Systematics
''Physaloptera'' is a genus of parasitic nematodes in the family Physalopteridae. Species include:
*'' Physaloptera dilatata''Muniz-Pereira et al., 2009, p. 11
*'' Physaloptera dispar''
*'' Physaloptera hispida''Kinsella, 197 ...
''
*''Physaloptera rara''
Undescribed or unidentified species have been found on the hispid cotton rat
The hispid cotton rat (''Sigmodon hispidus'') is a rodent species long thought to occur in parts of South America, Central America, and southern North America. However, recent taxonomic revisions, based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data, have ...
(''Sigmodon hispidus'') in the southern United States, the marsh rice rat
The marsh rice rat (''Oryzomys palustris'') is a semiaquatic North American rodent in the family Cricetidae. It usually occurs in wetland habitats, such as swamps and salt marshes. It is found mostly in the eastern and southern United States, fr ...
(''Oryzomys palustris'') in Florida
Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...
,Kinsella, 1988, table 1 and ''Leontopithecus rosalia
The golden lion tamarin (''Leontopithecus rosalia'', pt, mico-leão-dourado , ), also known as the golden marmoset, is a small New World monkey of the family Callitrichidae. Native to the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil, the golden lion ta ...
'', ''Physalaemus soaresi
''Physalaemus soaresi'' is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is endemic to southeastern Brazil where it is only known from three localities in the Rio de Janeiro state, one of them lost to urbanization and habitat degradation.
...
'', ''Cacajao calvus
The bald uakari (''Cacajao calvus'') or bald-headed uakari is a small New World monkey characterized by a very short tail; bright, crimson face; a bald head; and long coat. The bald uakari is restricted to várzea forests and other wooded habitat ...
'', and ''Lagothrix lagotricha
The common woolly monkey, brown woolly monkey, or Humboldt's woolly monkey (''Lagothrix lagothricha'') is a woolly monkey from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Venezuela. It lives in groups of two to 70 individuals, usually splitti ...
'' in Brazil.
''Physaloptera'' spp. as human parasites
Most species utilize insects such as crickets, cockroaches, and beetles as intermediate hosts. Several species of ''Physaloptera'' can be parasites of primates and man. This rare disease is known as spiruridiasis.
Human infection is considered to be ancient; eggs of ''Physaloptera'' sp. were found in a grave of the Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second pri ...
in Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
.
References
Literature cited
* * *Kinsella, J.M. 1988. Comparison of helminths of rice rats, ''Oryzomys palustris'', from freshwater and saltwater marshes in Florida. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 55(2):275–280. * * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q7189500 Spirurida