''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of approximately 75 to 90
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
s in the
nightshade
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and orna ...
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
(
Solanaceae
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and orn ...
), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are
endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...
to Mexico.
Cultivated and weedy species have been introduced worldwide. A defining feature of ''Physalis'' is a large, papery husk derived from the
calyx, which partly or fully encloses the fruit.
Many species bear edible fruit, and some species are cultivated.
The typical ''Physalis'' fruit is similar to a firm tomato in texture, and like
strawberries
The garden strawberry (or simply strawberry; ''Fragaria × ananassa'') is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus '' Fragaria'', collectively known as the strawberries, which are cultivated worldwide for their fruit. The fruit is widely ap ...
or
pineapple
The pineapple (''Ananas comosus'') is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae. The pineapple is indigenous to South America, where it has been cultivated for many centuri ...
in flavor, with a mild acidity. Some species, such as the
Cape gooseberry
''Physalis peruviana'' is a species of plant in the nightshade family ( Solanaceae) native to Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It is commonly known as Cape gooseberry, goldenberry or ground cherry, as poha in Hawaii, and as Harankash in Egypt, whil ...
and
tomatillo
The tomatillo (''Physalis philadelphica'' and ''Physalis ixocarpa''), also known as the Mexican husk tomato, is a plant of the nightshade family bearing small, spherical, and green or green-purple fruit of the same name. Tomatillos originated ...
, have been bred into many
cultivar
A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, ...
s with varying flavors, from tart to sweet to savory. Nations including Colombia, India, and Mexico have a significant economic trade in ''Physalis'' fruit.
The fruit of many species are generically referred to as physalis, groundcherries,
husk tomatoes, husk cherries, poha berries, and golden berries.
Description
''Physalis'' species are
herbaceous
Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials.
Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous"
The fourth edition of t ...
plants growing to tall, similar to the common tomato, a plant of the same family, but usually with a stiffer, more upright stem. They can be either annual or
perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...
. Most require full sun and fairly warm to hot temperatures. Some species are sensitive to frost, but others tolerate cold when dormant in winter.
Fossil record
A 52-million-year-old fossil fruit of ''Physalis'' has been found in
Patagonia
Patagonia () refers to a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and gl ...
, named as ''
Physalis infinemundi
''Physalis infinemundi'' is an extinct species of the genus ''Physalis'' (which includes Cape gooseberry, tomatillo, and ground cherries) known from two fossilised fruit found in the Laguna del Hunco Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina dati ...
''.
Cultivation and uses
![Physalis peruviana calix open close-up](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Physalis_peruviana_calix_open_close-up.jpg)
Estimates for the earliest use of Physalis for human consumption range from 900BCE to 5000BCE. Archaeological sites support the historical use of Physalis as a food for indigenous people in what is now northern Mexico and portions of the United States.
''Physalis'' fruit are rich in
cryptoxanthin. The fruit can be used like the tomato. Once extracted from its husk, it can be eaten raw and used in
salad
A salad is a dish consisting of mixed, mostly natural ingredients with at least one raw ingredient. They are typically served at room temperature or chilled, though some can be served warm. Condiments and salad dressings, which exist in a va ...
s. Some varieties are added to desserts, used as flavoring, made into
fruit preserves
Fruit preserves are preparations of fruits whose main preserving agent is sugar and sometimes acid, often stored in glass jars and used as a condiment or spread.
There are many varieties of fruit preserves globally, distinguished by the method ...
, or dried and used like
raisin
A raisin is a dried grape. Raisins are produced in many regions of the world and may be eaten raw or used in cooking, baking, and brewing. In the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia, the word ''raisin'' is reserved for the d ...
s. They contain
pectin
Pectin ( grc, πηκτικός ': "congealed" and "curdled") is a heteropolysaccharide, a structural acid contained in the primary lamella, in the middle lamella, and in the cell walls of terrestrial plants. The principal, chemical component of ...
and can be used in
pie
A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing that contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients. Sweet pies may be filled with fruit (as in an apple pie), nuts ( pecan pie), brown sugar ( sugar pie), swe ...
filling. Ground cherries are called ''poha'' in the
Hawaiian language
Hawaiian (', ) is a Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family that takes its name from Hawaii, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. Hawaiian, along with English, is an official language o ...
, and poha jam and preserves are traditional desserts made from ''Physalis'' plants grown on the Hawaiian Islands.
A 2013 literature review identified more than one hundred works with medical use of various Physalis species from the Americas. Preparations included all parts of the plants (fruits, leaves, flowers, stems, and roots) and took forms including decoction, infusion, and soaking. Herbal preparations are known to be administered internally and externally.
Physalis plants grow in most
soil types
A soil type is a taxonomic unit in soil science. All soils that share a certain set of well-defined properties form a distinctive soil type. Soil type is a technical term of soil classification, the science that deals with the systematic categoriz ...
and do very well in poor soils and in pots. They require moisture until fruiting. Plants are susceptible to many of the common
tomato diseases and pests, and other pests such as
aphid
Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A t ...
s,
whiteflies
Whiteflies are Hemipterans that typically feed on the undersides of plant leaves. They comprise the family Aleyrodidae, the only family in the superfamily Aleyrodoidea. More than 1550 species have been described.
Description and taxonomy
The ...
,
spider mite
Spider mites are members of the Tetranychidae family, which includes about 1,200 species. They are part of the subclass Acari (mites). Spider mites generally live on the undersides of leaves of plants, where they may spin protective silk webs, a ...
s, and the
false potato beetle (''Leptinotarsa juncta'') also attack them. Propagation is by seed.
In the United States, Louisiana erroneously classifies
Physalis subglabrata (smooth groundcherry) as a
hallucinogenic plant
Psychoactive plants are plants, or preparations thereof, that upon ingestion induce psychotropic effects. As stated in a reference work:
Psychoactivity may include sedative, stimulant, euphoric, deliriant, and hallucinogenic effects.
Several ...
, and its cultivation for other than ornamental purposes is outlawed under
State Act 159 of 2005. In the
Gran Chaco region of South America, the consumption of the different species of Physalis for food has declined due to sociocultural and environmental changes. Factors generally stem from the ongoing effects of colonization, including loss of ancestral territories to forestry exploitation and industrial agriculture as well as the decline of seasonal human migrations which were formerly part of the cycle of propagation, harvest, and consumption of Physalis.
Subgenera and sections
![Physalis peruviana fruits close-up](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Physalis_peruviana_fruits_close-up.jpg)
''Physalis'' is divided into
subgenera
In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.
In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...
and
sections
Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea
* Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents
** Section sig ...
. The taxonomy of ''Physalis'' is still an active area of taxonomic classification.
About 75 to 90 species are placed in the genus.
[
In 1831, Nees von Esenbeck was among the first researchers to complete a review of the ''Physalis'' species that had been described until that time in order to identify synonyms and subtaxa within the genus. In 1837, George Don named the sections proposed by Nees von Esenbeck, including three names that are still in use: ''Physalodendron'' for woody species, ''Eurostorhiza'' for perennials with rhizomatous roots, and ''Epeteiorhiza'' for annual species.
Michel Félix Dunal in 1852 and Per Axel Rydberg in 1896 also published efforts to subdivide ''Physalis'', although these were not generally consistent with the taxonomy advocated by Esenbeck and Don. Rydberg's taxonomy identified seven species groups within a section Rydberg called ''Euphysalis''; these groups became the basis of sections which remain in use.
Margaret Y. Menzel's research in the 20th century provided new insights into ''Physalis'' taxonomy, including the results of her crossing experiments with 28 ''Physalis'' species and their karyological data. The groups of species previously set up by Rydberg were raised to sections by this research. A summary of all taxonomic research regarding the genus was published in 1989 by Radovan Hendrych, and the most recent major taxonomic publications were made in 1994 and 1999 by ]Mahinda Martínez Mahinda may refer to:
People
*Mahinda Rajapaksa, former Sri Lankan President
*Mahinda Amaraweera, Sri Lankan politician
*Mahinda Samarasinghe, Sri Lankan politician
*Mahinda Ratnatilaka, Sri Lankan politician
*Mahinda Wijesekara, Sri Lankan politic ...
.
A genetic study by Whitson and Manos in 2005 found evidence that supports the ''Physalodendron'' and ''Rydbergis'' subgenera. The same research indicated that evidence was weak for most of the recognized species sections within the ''Rydbergis'' subgenus, but that other subgroupings might be appropriate instead. This and other phylogenic research led to the Whitson proposal in 2016 to establish '' Alkekengi officinarum'' as the type of a new genus rather than the type species of ''Physalis''.
Genetics and breeding
The basic number for Physalis species is 12, and most Physalis species are diploid
Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...
with ''2n = 24''. This basic number is typical for members of the Solanaceae
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and orn ...
family. Research has identified several species that have experienced polyploidy, including ''Physalis angulata'', ''Physalis floridana'', ''Physalis pubescens'', and ''Physalis peruvania''.
Physalis species are generally self-compatible and autogamous, although some may exhibit self-incompatibility
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a general name for several genetic mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms, and thus encourage outcrossing and allogamy. It is contrasted with separation of sexes among individuals ...
and require pollen
Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...
from another plant to bear fruit or produce seed. A study in 2022 found self-compatibility for all seven Physalis that were observed, which included Physalis peruviana
''Physalis peruviana'' is a species of plant in the nightshade family (Solanaceae) native to Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It is commonly known as Cape gooseberry, goldenberry or ground cherry, as poha in Hawaii, and as Harankash in Egypt, while i ...
and Physalis ixocarpa
The tomatillo (''Physalis philadelphica'' and ''Physalis ixocarpa''), also known as the Mexican husk tomato, is a plant of the nightshade family bearing small, spherical, and green or green-purple fruit of the same name. Tomatillos originated i ...
. The same study found that fruit fixation and viable seed formation occurred in most inter-specific crosses. The authors did not grow offspring to the second generation.
Menzel performed crosses between Physalis species to assess hybridization in 1951 which showed that perennial species are prone to hybridization while annual Physalis species exhibited barriers between crossing. Hinton identified natural hybridization events between Physalis virginiana Mill. and Physalis heterophylla
''Physalis heterophylla'', colloquial name clammy groundcherry, is species of herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae. It is native to North America, occurring primarily in the eastern United States and Canada. It is known to occur in all c ...
Nees, which Hinton hypothesized could be the result of self-incompatibility and lack of ''Physalis virginiana'' pollen. Sullivan reported in 1985 that natural hybridization rarely occurs among four species from the Physalis viscosa complex
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
.
Physalis subgenus Physalodendron
Authority: (G. Don) M. Martinez
* Physalis arborescens
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family ( Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endem ...
* Physalis melanocystis
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
Physalis subgenus Rydbergis
Authority: Hendrych
Section Angulatae
Authority: (Rydberg) M. Martinez
* ''Physalis acutifolia
''Physalis acutifolia'' is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by the common names sharpleaf groundcherry and Wright's ground-cherry. It is native to the southwestern United States from California to Texas, and northern ...
'' (Miers) Sandw. – sharp-leaved groundcherry, Wright groundcherry
* '' Physalis ampla'' Waterfall
* ''Physalis angulata
''Physalis angulata'' is an erect, herbaceous, annual plant belonging to the nightshade family Solanaceae. It reproduces by seed. Its leaves are dark green and roughly oval, often with tooth shapes around the edge. The flowers are five-sided an ...
'' L. – cut-leaved groundcherry, lance-leaved groundcherry, ''camapu''
* ''Physalis carnosa
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the Solanum, nightshade family (biology), family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At l ...
'' Standley
* ''Physalis crassifolia
''Physalis crassifolia'' is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by the common names yellow nightshade groundcherry and thick-leaf ground-cherry.[Physalis ixocarpa
The tomatillo (''Physalis philadelphica'' and ''Physalis ixocarpa''), also known as the Mexican husk tomato, is a plant of the nightshade family bearing small, spherical, and green or green-purple fruit of the same name. Tomatillos originated i ...]
'' Brot – tomatillo
* ''Physalis lagascae
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Roem. & Schult.
* '' Physalis microcarpa'' Urb. & Eckman
* '' Physalis minima'' Linneaus – pygmy groundcherry, native gooseberry (Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
)
* ''Physalis philadelphica
The tomatillo (''Physalis philadelphica'' and ''Physalis ixocarpa''), also known as the Mexican husk tomato, is a plant of the nightshade family bearing small, spherical, and green or green-purple fruit of the same name. Tomatillos originated i ...
'' Lam. – tomatillo, Mexican groundcherry, jamberry, Mexican tomato, ''tomate de cáscara'', ''tomate de fresadilla'', ''tomate milpero'', ''tomate verde''
* '' Physalis solanacea'' (Schlechtendal) Axelius
* ''Physalis sulphurea
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the Solanum, nightshade family (biology), family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At l ...
'' (Fernald) Waterfall
Section Campanulae
Authority: M. Martinez
* ''Physalis campanula
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family ( Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endem ...
'' Standl. & Steyerm.
* '' Physalis glutinosa'' Schltdl.
Section Coztomatae
Authority: M. Martinez
* ''Physalis aggregata
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Waterfall
* '' Physalis angustior'' Waterfall
* ''Physalis chenopodifolia
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Lam.
* '' Physalis coztomatl'' Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal
* ''Physalis greenmanii
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the Solanum, nightshade family (biology), family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At l ...
'' Waterfall
* '' Physalis hintonii'' Waterfall
* ''Physalis jaliscensis
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family ( Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endem ...
'' Waterfall
* '' Physalis lassa'' Standley & Steyerm.
* ''Physalis lignescens
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Waterfall
* '' Physalis longiloba''Vargas, M. Martínez & Dávila[
* '' Physalis longipedicellata'' Waterfall
* '' Physalis mcvaughii'' Waterfall
* '']Physalis orizabae
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family ( Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endem ...
'' Dunal
* ''Physalis pennellii
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Waterfall
* '' Physalis philippiensis'' Fernald
* ''Physalis pringlei
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family ( Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endem ...
'' Greenman
* ''Physalis sancti-josephi
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family ( Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endem ...
'' Dunal
* '' Physalis subrepens'' Waterfall
Section Epeteiorhiza
Authority: G. Don
* ''Physalis angustiphysa
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family ( Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endem ...
'' Waterfall
* '' Physalis cordata'' Mill. – heart-leaved groundcherry
* ''Physalis grisea
''Physalis grisea'' is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by common names including strawberry ground-cherry, downy ground-cherry, and strawberry-tomato in English. The name downy ground-cherry is due to the soft hairs th ...
'' (Waterfall) Martínez – strawberry-tomato
* ''Physalis ignota
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Britton
* ''Physalis latiphysa
''Physalis latiphysa'' is a herbaceous plant that grows to a height of 30 to 45 cm. The shoot axis is densely hairy with multicellular, glandular trichomes. The leaves are silky and hairy, 5.5 to 16.0 cm long, with Petiole (botany), pet ...
'' Waterfall – broad-leaved groundcherry
* ''Physalis leptophylla
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' B.L. Rob. & Greenm.
* '' Physalis minuta'' Griggs
* ''Physalis missouriensis
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family ( Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endem ...
'' Mackenzie & Bush – Missouri groundcherry
* ''Physalis neomexicana
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family ( Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endem ...
Rydberg
* ''Physalis nicandroides
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Schltdl.
* ''Physalis patula
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Mill.
* ''Physalis porrecta
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the Solanum, nightshade family (biology), family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At l ...
'' Waterfall
* ''Physalis pruinosa
''Physalis pruinosa'' is a plant in the genus ''Physalis'' in the nightshade family Solanaceae, often referred to as ground cherry or husk tomato. It is a native species in a range extending from northern Mexico through Central America. The plan ...
'' L. – groundcherry, husk tomato
* ''Physalis pubescens
''Physalis pubescens'' is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by many common names, including husk tomato, low ground-cherry and hairy groundcherry in English, and ''muyaca'' and ''capulí'' in Spanish. It is native to the ...
'' L. – golden strawberry, Chinese lantern
* ''Physalis tamayoi
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the Solanum, nightshade family (biology), family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At l ...
'' Vargas, M. Martínez & Dávila[
]
Section Lanceolatae
Authority: (Rydberg) M. Y. Menzel
* ''Physalis arenicola
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Kearney – cypress-headed groundcherry
* ''Physalis caudella
''Physalis caudella'', the southwestern groundcherry or tomatillo chiquito, is a plant in the family Solanaceae, native to Arizona, Sonora and Chihuahua. The purple-green fruits are small but edible.''Physalis caudella'' Standley, Paul Carpenter ...
'' Standl. – southwestern groundcherry
* '' Physalis fendleri'' A. Gray
* ''Physalis gracilis
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Miers
* ''Physalis hastatula
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Waterfall
* '' Physalis hederifolia'' A.Gray – ivy-leaved groundcherry
* ''Physalis heterophylla
''Physalis heterophylla'', colloquial name clammy groundcherry, is species of herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae. It is native to North America, occurring primarily in the eastern United States and Canada. It is known to occur in all c ...
'' Nees – clammy groundcherry
* '' Physalis ingrata'' Standley
* ''Physalis lanceolata
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Michaux
* '' Physalis longifolia'' Nuttall – common groundcherry, long-leaved groundcherry
* '' Physalis macrosperma'' Pyne & E.L.Bridges & Orzel
* '' Physalis muelleri'' Waterfall
* ''Physalis peruviana
''Physalis peruviana'' is a species of plant in the nightshade family (Solanaceae) native to Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It is commonly known as Cape gooseberry, goldenberry or ground cherry, as poha in Hawaii, and as Harankash in Egypt, while i ...
'' L. – Cape gooseberry, Peruvian groundcherry, Inca berry, ''uchuva'' (Colombia), ''poha''
* '' Physalis pumila'' Nuttall – dwarf groundcherry
* ''Physalis queretaroensis
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' M. Martinez & L. Hernandez
* '' Physalis sordida'' Fernald
* '' Physalis virginiana'' Mill. – Virginia groundcherry
* ''Physalis volubilis
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Waterfall
Section Rydbergae
Authority: M. Martinez
* '' Physalis minimaculata'' Waterfall
* '' Physalis rydbergii'' Fernald
Section Tehuacanae
Authority: M. Martinez
* '' Physalis tehuacanensis'' Waterfall
Section Viscosae
Authority: (Rydberg) M. Y. Menzel
* ''Physalis angustifolia
''Physalis angustifolia'', the coastal groundcherry, is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family. It is native to the Gulf Coast shoreline of the Southeastern United States
The Southeastern United States, also referred to as ...
'' Nuttall – coastal groundcherry
* '' Physalis cinerascens'' (Dunal) A.S. Hitchc. – small-flowered groundcherry
* '' Physalis × elliottii'' Kunze
* '' Physalis × elliottii nothovar. glabra Waterfall
* '' Physalis mollis'' Nuttall – field groundcherry
* ''Physalis vestita
''Physalis'' (, , , , from φυσαλλίς ''phusallís'' "bladder") is a genus of approximately 75 to 90 flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are endemic ...
'' Waterfall
* ''Physalis viscosa
''Physalis viscosa'' is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by many common names, including starhair groundcherry, stellate ground-cherry and grape groundcherry in English, and ''arrebenta-cavalo'', ''balãozinho'', and '' ...
'' Linneaus – grape groundcherry, star-haired groundcherry
* '' Physalis walteri'' Nuttall – Walter's groundcherry
Physalis species not assigned to a subgenus or section
* †''Physalis infinemundi
''Physalis infinemundi'' is an extinct species of the genus ''Physalis'' (which includes Cape gooseberry, tomatillo, and ground cherries) known from two fossilised fruit found in the Laguna del Hunco Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina dati ...
'' Wilf et al. 2017 – Extinct species typified by a fossil from the Ypresian Era of Patagonia
Formerly placed here
* '' Alkekengi officinarum'' Moench. – Chinese lantern, Japanese lantern, bladder-cherry, winter-cherry, ''hōzuki'' (as ''P. alkekengi'' L.)
* ''Calliphysalis carpenteri
''Calliphysalis carpenteri'', or Carpenter's groundcherry, is a perennial plant in the Family (biology), family Solanaceae, the "nightshade" plants.Per Axel Rydberg. 1896. The North American species of ''Physalis'' and related genera. ''Memoirs o ...
'' (Riddell) Whitson – Carpenter's groundcherry (as ''P. carpenteri'' Riddell)
* '' Darcyanthus spruceanus'' (Hunz.) Hunz. ex N.A.Harriman (as ''P. spruceana'' Hunz.)
* ''Deprea orinocensis
''Deprea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Solanaceae.
Its native range is Costa Rica to Western South America.
The genus name of ''Deprea'' is in honour of Alexandre-Armand Desprez (1747–1829), a French doctor and bota ...
'' (Kunth) Raf. (as ''P. orinocensis'' Kunth)
* ''Leucophysalis grandiflora
''Leucophysalis'' is a genus of flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, ves ...
'' (Hook.) Rydb. (as ''P. grandiflora'' Hook.)
* ''Quincula lobata
''Quincula'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. The sole species it contains, ''Quincula lobata'', is commonly known as Chinese lantern, lobed groundcherry, or purple groundcherry.
This plant is also c ...
'' (Torr.) Raf. (as ''P. lobata'' Torr.)
* ''Salpichroa origanifolia
''Salpichroa origanifolia'' is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by the common names lily of the valley vine, pampas lily-of-the-valley or cock's-eggs.
Distribution and habitat
This species is native to South America (B ...
'' (Lam.) Baill. (as ''P. origanifolia'' Lam.)
* ''Withania somnifera
''Withania somnifera'', known commonly as ashwagandha or winter cherry, is an evergreen shrub in the Solanaceae or nightshade family that grows in India, the Middle East, and parts of Africa. Several other species in the genus ''Withania'' are m ...
'' (L.) Dunal (as ''P. somnifera'' Linneaus)
References
External links
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{{Authority control
Solanaceae genera
Berries
Edible Solanaceae
Flora of North America
Extant Ypresian first appearances