The philosophers' ships or philosopher's steamboats (russian: Философский пароход) were

steamship A steamship, often referred to as a steamer, is a type of steam-powered vessel, typically ocean-faring and seaworthy, that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move (turn) propellers or paddlewheels. The first steamships ...

s that transported intellectuals expelled from

Soviet Russia The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...

in 1922. The main load was handled by two German ships, the ''Oberbürgermeister Haken'' and the ''Preussen'', which transported more than 200 expelled Russian intellectuals and their families in September and November 1922 from

Petrograd Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...

(modern-day

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...

) to the seaport of

Stettin Szczecin (, , german: Stettin ; sv, Stettin ; Latin language, Latin: ''Sedinum'' or ''Stetinum'') is the capital city, capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the Po ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

(modern-day

Szczecin Szczecin (, , german: Stettin ; sv, Stettin ; Latin: ''Sedinum'' or ''Stetinum'') is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major s ...

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...

). Three detention lists included 228 people, 32 of them students. Later in 1922, other intellectuals were transported by train to

Riga Riga (; lv, Rīga , liv, Rīgõ) is the capital and largest city of Latvia and is home to 605,802 inhabitants which is a third of Latvia's population. The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Ba ...

Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...

or by ship from

Odessa Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrativ ...

Istanbul Istanbul ( , ; tr, İstanbul ), formerly known as Constantinople ( grc-gre, Κωνσταντινούπολις; la, Constantinopolis), is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, ...

Among the expelled

Vladimir Abrikosov Vladimir Vladimirovich Abrikosov (22 October 1880 – 22 July 1966) was a Catholic priest of the Byzantine rite who converted from Russian Orthodoxy and a member of Russian apostolate in the diaspora. Early years Abrikosov was baptized in the R ...

Yuly Aikhenvald Yuly Isayevich Aykhenvald, Aikhenvald, or Eichenwald (russian: Ю́лий Иса́евич Айхенва́льд; 24 January 1872 – 17 December 1928) was a Russian Jewish literary critic who developed a native brand of Aestheti ...

Nikolai Berdyaev Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev (; russian: Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Бердя́ев; – 24 March 1948) was a Russian Empire, Russian philosopher, theologian, and Christian existentialism, Christian existentialist who e ...

Boris Brutskus Boris (Ber) Davydovich Brutskus (russian: Борис (Бер) Давыдович Бруцкус, he, בוריס (בר/דּוֹב) בֶּן־דָּוִד ברוצקוס, german: Boris Brutzkus; October 15/October 3 (Russian information), 1874 – ...

Sergei Bulgakov Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov (; russian: Серге́й Никола́евич Булга́ков; – 13 July 1944) was a Russian Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox theologian, priest, philosopher, and economist. Biography Early life: 1871–18 ...

Valentin Bulgakov Valentin Fyodorovich Bulgakov (russian: Валентин Фёдорович Булгаков; 25 November 1886 in Kuznetsk, Russian Empire – 22 September 1966 in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula Oblast, Soviet Union) was the last secretary of Leo Tolstoy ...

Semyon Frank Semyon Lyudvigovich Frank (russian: Семён Лю́двигович Франк; 28 January 1877 – 10 December 1950) was a Russian philosopher. Born into a Jewish family, he became a Christian in 1912. Early life and studies Semyon Lyudvigov ...

Ivan Ilyin Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin or Il'in (Ива́н Алекса́ндрович Ильи́н, – 21 December 1954) was a Russian jurist, a dogmatic religious and political philosophy, political philosopher, an orator and conservative Monarchism, ...

* (university lecturer/publisher; father of architect

Anatol Kagan Anatol Kagan, (4 October 1913, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire – 2 July 2009, Hunters Hill, Australia) was a Russian Empire-born Australian architect. Over a professional career that spanned more than seven decades, and three continents, Kag ...

) *

Lev Karsavin } Lev (Leo) Platonovich Karsavin (russian: link=no, Лев Платонович Карсавин; lt, link=no, Levas Karsavinas; 13 December 1882 – 17 or 20 July 1952) is a Russian religious philosopher, historian-medievalist, and poet. Biogr ...

(the brother of ballerina

Tamara Karsavina Tamara Platonovna Karsavina (russian: Тамара Платоновна Карсавина; 10 March 1885 – 26 May 1978) was a Russian prima ballerina, renowned for her beauty, who was a principal artist of the Imperial Russian Ballet and lat ...

; arrested again in 1940 and deported to a

gulag The Gulag, an acronym for , , "chief administration of the camps". The original name given to the system of camps controlled by the GPU was the Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps (, )., name=, group= was the government agency in ...

in Komi, where he died in 1952) * * *

Nikolai Lossky Nikolay Onufriyevich Lossky. (; – 24 January 1965), also known as N. O. Lossky, was a Russian philosopher, representative of Russian idealism, intuitionist epistemology, personalism, libertarianism, ethics and axiology (value theory). He gave ...

Mikhail Osorgin Mikhail Andreyevich Osorgin (russian: Михаи́л Андре́евич Осорги́н; real last name Ilyin (Ильи́н); 19 October 1878 – 27 November 1942) was a writer, journalist, and essayist born in the Russian Empire. Biography Oso ...

Pitirim Sorokin Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin (; russian: Питири́м Алекса́ндрович Соро́кин; – 10 February 1968) was a Russian American sociologist and political activist, who contributed to the social cycle theory. Background ...

(train) *

Fyodor Stepun Fyodor Avgustovich Stepun (russian: Фёдор А́вгустович Степу́н; February 18, 1884 – February 23, 1965) (also known as Friedrich Steppuhn) was a Russians, Russian and Germans, German writer, philosopher, historian and sociolo ...

Boris Vysheslavtsev Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev (russian: Бори́с Петро́вич Вышесла́вцев; 1877–1954) was a Russian philosopher who belonged to the Russian Silver Age and Renaissance of Religion and Philosophy.Blagova, Tatiana. “Boris ...

Literature

*Catherine Baird. ''Revolution from Within: The Ymca in Russia’s Ascension to Freedom from Bolshevik Tyranny'', 2013, (with bio List of the Deported) *Lesley Chamberlain, ''Lenin's Private War: The Voyage of the Philosophy Steamer and the Exile of the Intelligentsia'', St Martin's Press, 2007; *V. G. Makarov, V. S. Khristoforov: «Passazhiry ‹filosofskogo parokhoda›. (Sud’by intelligencii, repressirovannoj letom-osen’ju 1922g.)». // ''Voprosy filosofii'' 7 (600) 2003, p. 113-137 ontains a list with biographical information on Russian intellectuals exiled 1922-1923 Forced migration in the Soviet Union 1922 in Russia Persecution by the Soviet Union Persecution of philosophers Soviet expellees White Russian emigration Russian philosophy {{Russia-hist-stub