Philip V (c. 1293 – 3 January 1322), known as the Tall (french: Philippe le Long), was
King of France
France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.
Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I () as the first ...
and
Navarre
Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...
(as Philip II) from 1316 to 1322.
Philip was the second son of King
Philip IV of France
Philip IV (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (french: Philippe le Bel), was King of France from 1285 to 1314. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 12 ...
and Queen
Joan I of Navarre
Joan I (14 January 1273 – 31 March/2 April 1305) ( eu, Joana) was Queen of Navarre and Countess of Champagne from 1274 until 1305; she was also Queen of France by marriage to King Philip IV. She founded the College of Navarre in Paris in 1305.
...
. He was granted an
appanage
An appanage, or apanage (; french: apanage ), is the grant of an estate, title, office or other thing of value to a younger child of a sovereign, who would otherwise have no inheritance under the system of primogeniture. It was common in much o ...
, the
County of Poitiers The County of Poitou (Latin ''comitatus Pictavensis'') was a historical region of France, consisting of the three sub-regions of Vendée
Vendée (; br, Vande) is a department in the Pays de la Loire region in Western France, on the Atlantic coa ...
, while his elder brother,
Louis X Louis X may refer to:
* Louis X of France, "the Quarreller" (1289–1316).
* Louis X, Duke of Bavaria (1495–1545)
* Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (1753–1830).
* Louis Farrakhan (formerly Louis X), head of the Nation of Islam
{{hndis ...
, inherited the French and Navarrese thrones. When Louis died in 1316, he left a daughter and a pregnant wife,
Clementia of Hungary
Clementia of Hungary (french: Clémence; 1293–13 October 1328) was Queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of King Louis X.
Life
Clementia was the daughter of Charles Martel of Anjou, the titular King of Hungary, and Clemence of Austri ...
. Philip the Tall successfully claimed the regency. Queen Clementia gave birth to a boy, who was proclaimed king as
John I John I may refer to:
People
* John I (bishop of Jerusalem)
* John Chrysostom (349 – c. 407), Patriarch of Constantinople
* John of Antioch (died 441)
* Pope John I, Pope from 523 to 526
* John I (exarch) (died 615), Exarch of Ravenna
* John I o ...
, but the infant king lived only for five days.
At the death of his nephew, Philip immediately had himself
crowned at Reims. However, his legitimacy was challenged by the party of Louis X's daughter Joan. Philip V successfully contested her claims for a number of reasons, including her youth, doubts regarding her paternity (her mother was involved in the
Tour de Nesle Affair), and the
Estates General's determination that women should be excluded from the line of succession to the French throne. The succession of Philip, instead of Joan, set the precedent for the French royal succession that would be known as the
Salic law
The Salic law ( or ; la, Lex salica), also called the was the ancient Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis. The written text is in Latin and contains some of the earliest known instances of Old Du ...
.
Philip restored somewhat good relations with the
County of Flanders
The County of Flanders was a historic territory in the Low Countries.
From 862 onwards, the counts of Flanders were among the original twelve peers of the Kingdom of France. For centuries, their estates around the cities of Ghent, Bruges and Ypr ...
, which had entered into
open rebellion during his father's rule, but simultaneously his relations with his brother-in-law
Edward II of England
Edward II (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), also called Edward of Caernarfon, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. The fourth son of Edward I, Edward became the heir apparent to ...
worsened as Edward, who was also
Duke of Guyenne
The Duke of Aquitaine ( oc, Duc d'Aquitània, french: Duc d'Aquitaine, ) was the ruler of the medieval region of Aquitaine (not to be confused with modern-day Aquitaine) under the supremacy of Frankish, English, and later French kings.
As succe ...
, initially refused to pay him homage. A spontaneous
popular crusade
The popular crusades were several movements "animated by crusading enthusiasm" but unsanctioned by the Church. They contrast with the "official crusades" authorised by the Papacy. While the latter consisted of professional armies led by apostolic ...
started in
Normandy
Normandy (; french: link=no, Normandie ; nrf, Normaundie, Nouormandie ; from Old French , plural of ''Normant'', originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical and cultural region in Northwestern ...
in 1320 aiming to liberate
the Iberian Peninsula from the
Moors
The term Moor, derived from the ancient Mauri, is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages.
Moors are not a distinct or ...
. Instead the angry populace marched to the south attacking castles, royal officials, priests,
leper
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacteria ''Mycobacterium leprae'' or ''Mycobacterium lepromatosis''. Infection can lead to damage of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. This nerve damage ...
s, and
Jews
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
. Philip engaged in a series of domestic reforms intended to improve the management of the kingdom. These reforms included the creation of an independent
Court of Finances
Under the French monarchy, the Courts of Accounts (in French ''Chambres des comptes'') were sovereign courts specialising in financial affairs. The Court of Accounts in Paris was the oldest and the forerunner of today's French Court of Audit. ...
, the standardization of weights and measures, and the establishment of a single currency.
In 1307 Philip married
Joan II, Countess of Burgundy
Joan II, Countess of Burgundy (french: Jeanne; c. 1287/88 – 21 January 1330), was Queen of France by marriage to Philip V of France; she was also ruling Countess of Burgundy from 1303 to 1330 and ruling Countess of Artois in 1329-1330.
Biograph ...
, with whom he had four daughters. The couple produced no male heirs, however, so when Philip died from
dysentery
Dysentery (UK pronunciation: , US: ), historically known as the bloody flux, is a type of gastroenteritis that results in bloody diarrhea. Other symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, and a feeling of incomplete defecation. Complications ...
in 1322, he was succeeded by his younger brother
Charles IV.
Personality and marriage
Philip was born in
Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of t ...
, the second son of King
Philip IV of France
Philip IV (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (french: Philippe le Bel), was King of France from 1285 to 1314. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 12 ...
and Queen
Joan I of Navarre
Joan I (14 January 1273 – 31 March/2 April 1305) ( eu, Joana) was Queen of Navarre and Countess of Champagne from 1274 until 1305; she was also Queen of France by marriage to King Philip IV. She founded the College of Navarre in Paris in 1305.
...
. His father granted to him the county of Poitiers in appanage. Modern historians have described Philip V as a man of "considerable intelligence and sensitivity", and the "wisest and politically most apt" of Philip IV's three sons.
[Brown, p.126.] Philip was influenced by the troubles and unrest that his father had encountered during 1314, as well as by the difficulties his older brother,
Louis X Louis X may refer to:
* Louis X of France, "the Quarreller" (1289–1316).
* Louis X, Duke of Bavaria (1495–1545)
* Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (1753–1830).
* Louis Farrakhan (formerly Louis X), head of the Nation of Islam
{{hndis ...
, known as "the Quarreler", had faced during the intervening few years.
[Brown, p.127.] At the heart of the problems for both Philip IV and Louis X were taxes and the difficulty in raising them outside of crises.
Philip married
Joan of Burgundy, the eldest daughter of
Otto IV, Count of Burgundy
Otto IV (1248, Ornans – 17 March 1303, Melun) was the count of the Free County of Burgundy from 1279 until 1303.
Life
Otto was the son of Hugh of Châlons and Adelaide, Countess Palatine of Burgundy. Upon his father's death in 1266/7, he became ...
and
Mahaut, Countess of Artois
Mahaut of Artois also known as Mathilda (1268 27 November 1329), ruled as Countess of Artois from 1302 to 1329. She was furthermore regent of the County of Burgundy from 1303 to 1315 during the minority and the absence of her daughter, Joan II, ...
, on 21 January 1307.
[Wagner, p.250.] The original plan had been for Louis X to marry Joan, but this was altered after Louis was engaged to
Margaret of Burgundy.
[Brown, p.130.] Modern scholars have found little evidence as to whether the marriage was a happy one, but the pair had a considerable number of children in a short space of time, and Philip was exceptionally generous to Joan by the standards of the day.
Philip went to great lengths not only to endow Joan with lands and money but to try to ensure that these gifts were irrevocable in the event of his early death. Amongst the various gifts were a palace, villages, additional money for jewels, and her servants and the property of all the Jews in Burgundy, which he gave to Joan in 1318.
Joan was implicated in Margaret's
adultery case during 1314; Margaret was accused and convicted of
adultery
Adultery (from Latin ''adulterium'') is extramarital sex that is considered objectionable on social, religious, moral, or legal grounds. Although the sexual activities that constitute adultery vary, as well as the social, religious, and legal ...
with two
knight
A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the Pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity. Knighthood finds origins in the Gr ...
s, upon the testimony of their sister-in-law,
Isabella
Isabella may refer to:
People and fictional characters
* Isabella (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
* Isabella (surname), including a list of people
Places
United States
* Isabella, Alabama, an unincorpor ...
. Joan was suspected of having secretly known about the adultery; placed under house arrest at
Dourdan
Dourdan () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France. It is the capital of the historical region of Hurepoix.
It is located in the metropolitan area of Paris.
Geography
Dourdan is located on the river Orge in the western Esson ...
as punishment, it was then implied that Joan was guilty of adultery herself.
[Brown, p.138.] With Philip's support she continued to protest her innocence, and by 1315 her name had been cleared by the
Paris Parlement
The Parliament of Paris (french: Parlement de Paris) was the oldest '' parlement'' in the Kingdom of France, formed in the 14th century. It was fixed in Paris by Philip IV of France in 1302. The Parliament of Paris would hold sessions inside th ...
, partially through Philip's influence, and she was allowed to return to court. It is unclear why Philip stood by her in the way that he did. One theory has been that he was concerned that if he were to abandon Joan, he might also lose Burgundy; another theory suggests that his slightly "formulaic" love letters to his wife should be taken at face value, and that he was in fact very deeply in love.
Accession and the Salic Law
![Sacre Philippe V de France 1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Sacre_Philippe_V_de_France_1.jpg)
Philip's older brother, Louis X, died in 1316 leaving the pregnant
Clementia of Hungary
Clementia of Hungary (french: Clémence; 1293–13 October 1328) was Queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of King Louis X.
Life
Clementia was the daughter of Charles Martel of Anjou, the titular King of Hungary, and Clemence of Austri ...
as his widow.
[Rose, p.89.] There were several potential candidates for the role of regent, including
Charles of Valois
Charles of Valois (12 March 1270 – 16 December 1325), the fourth son of King Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon, was a member of the House of Capet and founder of the House of Valois, whose rule over France would start in 1328 ...
and
Duke Odo IV of Burgundy, but Philip successfully outmanoeuvred them, being appointed regent himself.
Philip remained as regent for the remainder of the pregnancy and for a few days after the birth of his nephew
John I John I may refer to:
People
* John I (bishop of Jerusalem)
* John Chrysostom (349 – c. 407), Patriarch of Constantinople
* John of Antioch (died 441)
* Pope John I, Pope from 523 to 526
* John I (exarch) (died 615), Exarch of Ravenna
* John I o ...
, who lived for only five days.
What followed the death of John I was unprecedented in the history of the Capetian kings of France. For the first time, the king of France died without a son. The heir to the throne was now a subject of some dispute.
Joan Joan may refer to:
People and fictional characters
* Joan (given name), including a list of women, men and fictional characters
*:Joan of Arc, a French military heroine
* Joan (surname)
Weather events
*Tropical Storm Joan (disambiguation), multip ...
, the remaining daughter of Louis X by
Margaret of Burgundy,
was one obvious candidate, but suspicion still hung over her as a result of the scandal in 1314, including concerns over her actual parentage.
With only his niece between himself and the throne, Philip engaged in some rapid political negotiations and convinced Charles of Valois, who along with Odo IV was championing Joan's rights, to switch sides and support him instead.
In exchange for marrying Philip's daughter, Odo IV abandoned his niece's cause, not only her claim to the French throne but also her claim to Navarre's. On 9 January 1317, with Charles's support, Philip was hastily crowned at
Rheims
Reims ( , , ; also spelled Rheims in English) is the most populous city in the French department of Marne, and the 12th most populous city in France. The city lies northeast of Paris on the Vesle river, a tributary of the Aisne.
Founded by ...
. The majority of the nobility, however, refused to attend. There were demonstrations in
Champagne
Champagne (, ) is a sparkling wine originated and produced in the Champagne wine region of France under the rules of the appellation, that demand specific vineyard practices, sourcing of grapes exclusively from designated places within it, spe ...
, Artois, and
Burgundy
Burgundy (; french: link=no, Bourgogne ) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France. The province was once home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th century. The c ...
,
[Fryde, p.139.] and Philip called a rapid assembly of the nobility on 2 February in Paris.
Philip laid down the principle that Joan, as a woman, could not inherit the throne of France, played heavily upon the fact that he was now the anointed king, and consolidated what some authors have described as his effective "usurpation" of power.
The exclusion of women, and later of their male descendants, was later popularized as the
Salic law
The Salic law ( or ; la, Lex salica), also called the was the ancient Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis. The written text is in Latin and contains some of the earliest known instances of Old Du ...
by the
Valois monarchy. Joan, however, did accede in 1328 to the throne of
Navarre
Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...
, which did not hold to the Salic law.
The next year, Philip continued to strengthen his position. He married his eldest daughter
Joan Joan may refer to:
People and fictional characters
* Joan (given name), including a list of women, men and fictional characters
*:Joan of Arc, a French military heroine
* Joan (surname)
Weather events
*Tropical Storm Joan (disambiguation), multip ...
to the powerful
Odo IV, bringing the Duke over to his own party.
Philip then built his reign around the notion of reform – "reclaiming rights, revenues and territories" that had been wrongly lost to the crown in recent years.
Domestic reform
![Philip V Gros 1316](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Philip_V_Gros_1316.jpg)
Domestically, Philip proved a "strong and popular" king,
despite inheriting an uncertain situation and an ongoing sequence of poor harvests.
He followed in the steps of his father,
Philip IV Philip IV may refer to:
* Philip IV of Macedon (died 297 BC)
* Philip IV of France (1268–1314), Avignon Papacy
* Philip IV of Burgundy or Philip I of Castile (1478–1506)
* Philip IV, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1542–1602)
* Philip IV of Spain ...
, in trying to place the French crown on a solid fiscal footing and revoked many of the unpopular decisions of his predecessor and older brother,
Louis X Louis X may refer to:
* Louis X of France, "the Quarreller" (1289–1316).
* Louis X, Duke of Bavaria (1495–1545)
* Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (1753–1830).
* Louis Farrakhan (formerly Louis X), head of the Nation of Islam
{{hndis ...
. He also instituted government reforms, reformed the currency and worked to standardise weights and measures.
Amongst Philip's key appointments was the later
cardinal
Cardinal or The Cardinal may refer to:
Animals
* Cardinal (bird) or Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds
**''Cardinalis'', genus of cardinal in the family Cardinalidae
**''Cardinalis cardinalis'', or northern cardinal, the ...
Pierre Bertrand, who would play a key role in successive French royal governments in subsequent years.
In 1317, Philip reissued an act first passed by his father, in 1311, condemning the alienation and theft of royal resources and offices in the provinces.
By 1318, his political situation strengthened, Philip went further, setting out in a new act a distinction between the French royal domain – the core set of lands and titles that belonged permanently to the crown – and those lands and titles that had been forfeited to the crown for one reason or another.
If the French crown was to bestow or grant new lands to nobles, Philip declared, they would usually be given only from the second source: this was a double-edged announcement, at once reinforcing the core, unalienable powers of the crown, whilst also reassuring nobles that their lands were sacrosanct unless they were forfeited to the crown in punishment for a crime or misdemeanour.
Philip was responsible for the creation of the ''
cours des comptes'' in 1320, a court responsible for auditing the royal accounts to ensure proper payment; the courts still exist today. In practice, Philip did not entirely keep to his self-declared principles on grants of royal lands and titles, but he was far more conservative in such matters than his immediate predecessors.
Resolution of the Flanders conflict and England
![Louis I, Count of Nevers Filip5](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Louis_I%2C_Count_of_Nevers_Filip5.jpg)
Philip was able to achieve a successful resolution of the ongoing
Flanders
Flanders (, ; Dutch: ''Vlaanderen'' ) is the Flemish-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium. However, there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to culture, ...
problem. The Count of Flanders ruled an "immensely wealthy state",
[Holmes, p.16.] which largely led an autonomous existence on the edge of the French state. The French king was generally regarded as having
suzerainty
Suzerainty () is the rights and obligations of a person, state or other polity who controls the foreign policy and relations of a tributary state, while allowing the tributary state to have internal autonomy. While the subordinate party is cal ...
over Flanders, but in recent years the relationship had become strained.
Philip IV Philip IV may refer to:
* Philip IV of Macedon (died 297 BC)
* Philip IV of France (1268–1314), Avignon Papacy
* Philip IV of Burgundy or Philip I of Castile (1478–1506)
* Philip IV, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1542–1602)
* Philip IV of Spain ...
had been defeated at
Courtrai
Kortrijk ( , ; vls, Kortryk or ''Kortrik''; french: Courtrai ; la, Cortoriacum), sometimes known in English as Courtrai or Courtray ( ), is a Belgian city and municipality in the Flemish province of West Flanders.
It is the capital and larges ...
in 1302 attempting to reassert French control,
and despite the later French victory at the
Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle
The Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle (or Pevelenberg) was fought on 18 August 1304 between the French and the Flemish. The French were led by their king, Philip IV.
Prelude
The French king wanted revenge for the defeat in Battle of the Golden Spu ...
the relationship remained tense.
Robert III of Flanders
Robert III (1249 – 17 September 1322), also called Robert of Béthune and nicknamed The Lion of Flanders (''De Leeuw van Vlaanderen''), was the Count of Nevers from 1273 and Count of Flanders from 1305 until his death.
History
Robert was the ol ...
had continued to resist France militarily, but by Philip's accession to the throne had found himself increasingly isolated politically in Flanders itself.
[TeBrake, p.47.] Meanwhile, the French position had become strained by the need to maintain a wartime footing. Louis X had prohibited exports of grain and other material to Flanders in 1315, resulting in a profitable smuggling industry that in turn discouraged legal trade with the French crown along the border region; Louis was forced to directly requisition food for his forces, resulting in a string of complaints from local lords and the Church. Philip began to reinstate a proper recompensation scheme in 1317, but the situation remained unstable.
[Jordan, p.170.]
Both Philip and Robert turned away from seeking a military solution in favour of a political compromise.
Accordingly, Robert made an accommodation with Philip in June 1320, under which Robert would confirm his young grandson,
Louis Louis may refer to:
* Louis (coin)
* Louis (given name), origin and several individuals with this name
* Louis (surname)
* Louis (singer), Serbian singer
* HMS ''Louis'', two ships of the Royal Navy
See also
Derived or associated terms
* Lewis ( ...
, as his designated heir, in return for Louis being pledged in marriage to Philip's second daughter,
Margaret
Margaret is a female first name, derived via French () and Latin () from grc, μαργαρίτης () meaning "pearl". The Greek is borrowed from Persian.
Margaret has been an English name since the 11th century, and remained popular througho ...
. This would provide Robert, and then Louis, with strong French support within Flanders.
Louis was, to a great extent, already under Philip's influence.
Louis had been brought up in
Nevers
Nevers ( , ; la, Noviodunum, later ''Nevirnum'' and ''Nebirnum'') is the prefecture of the Nièvre Departments of France, department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Regions of France, region in central France. It was the principal city of the ...
in central France, and at Philip's court. and was culturally effectively a French prince. This arrangement was a considerable success for Philip's policy, although over time Louis' clear French loyalties and lack of political links within Flanders itself would lead to political upheaval and
peasant revolt
This is a chronological list of conflicts in which peasants played a significant role.
Background
The history of peasant wars spans over two thousand years. A variety of factors fueled the emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including:
...
.
Philip also faced difficulties with
Edward II of England
Edward II (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), also called Edward of Caernarfon, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. The fourth son of Edward I, Edward became the heir apparent to ...
. Like the Count of Flanders, Edward in his role as the ruler of
Gascony
Gascony (; french: Gascogne ; oc, Gasconha ; eu, Gaskoinia) was a province of the southwestern Kingdom of France that succeeded the Duchy of Gascony (602–1453). From the 17th century until the French Revolution (1789–1799), it was part o ...
owed homage to the king of France, but as a king in his own right, and as the head of a largely autonomous Gascon province, was disinclined to do so.
Edward had not given homage to Louis X, and initially declined to do so to Philip, who had a reputation as being more favourable to the English than Louis X.
In 1319 Philip allowed Edward to give homage by proxy, an honour by the standards of the day, but expected him to do so in person in 1320.
Edward arrived in
Amiens
Amiens (English: or ; ; pcd, Anmien, or ) is a city and commune in northern France, located north of Paris and south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in the region of Hauts-de-France. In 2021, the population of ...
to do so, only to find that Philip was now insisting that Edward also give an oath of personal fealty to him – an act going beyond that of normal feudal homage. Edward gave homage but refused to swear fealty; nonetheless, this marked a period of increased French pressure on England over Gascony.
Crusades
![Jean XXII 1316](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Jean_XXII_1316.JPG)
Philip was also to play a role in the ongoing
crusade
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were i ...
movement during the period.
Pope John XXII
Pope John XXII ( la, Ioannes PP. XXII; 1244 – 4 December 1334), born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse), was head of the Catholic Church from 7 August 1316 to his death in December 1334.
He was the second and longest-reigning Avignon Pope, elected by ...
, the second of the
Avignon popes
The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon – at the time within the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire; now part of France – rather than in Rome. The situation arose ...
, had been elected at a conclave assembled in
Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of t ...
s during 1316 by Philip himself, and set out his renewed desire to see fresh crusades.
[Housley 1986, p.20.] Philip IV had agreed to a joint plan for a new French-led crusade at the
Council of Vienne
The Council of Vienne was the fifteenth ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church and met between 1311 and 1312 in Vienne, France. One of its principal acts was to withdraw papal support for the Knights Templar at the instigation of Phili ...
in 1312, with his son Philip, a "committed crusader,"
[Riley-Smith, p.266.] taking the cross himself in 1313.
Once king himself, Philip was obligated to carry out these plans and asked John for and received additional funds after 1316.
Both Philip and John agreed, however, that a French crusade was impossible whilst the military situation in Flanders remained unstable.
[Housley 1986, p.21.] Nonetheless, John continued to assure the
Armenians
Armenians ( hy, հայեր, ''hayer'' ) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian highlands of Western Asia. Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the ''de facto'' independent Artsakh. There is a wide-ranging diaspora ...
that Philip would shortly lead a crusade to relieve them.
An attempt to send a naval vanguard from the south of France under
Louis I of Clermont
Louis I, called the Lame (1279 – 22 January 1341) was a French '' prince du sang'', Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis and La Marche and the first Duke of Bourbon, as well as briefly the titular King of Thessalonica from 1320 to 1321.
Life
...
failed, however, with the forces being destroyed in a battle off
Genoa
Genoa ( ; it, Genova ; lij, Zêna ). is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the List of cities in Italy, sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian ce ...
in 1319.
[Housley 1986, p.22.] Over the winter of 1319–20 Philip convened a number of meetings with French military leaders in preparation for a potential second expedition,
that in turn informed Bishop
William Durand's famous treatise on crusading. By the end of Philip's reign, however, he and John had fallen out over the issue of new monies and commitments to how they were spent, and the attentions of both were focused on managing the challenge of the
Shepherds' Crusade.
The Shepherds' Crusade, or the ''Pastoreaux'', emerged from Normandy in 1320. One argument for the timing of this event has been that the repeated calls for popular crusades by Philip and his predecessors, combined with the absence of any actual large scale expeditions, ultimately boiled over into this popular, but uncontrolled, crusade. Philip's intent for a new crusade had certainly become widely known by the spring of 1320, and the emerging peace in Flanders and the north of France had left a large number of displaced peasants and soldiers.
The result was a large and violent
anti-Semitic
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
Antis ...
movement threatening local Jews, royal castles, the wealthier clergy, and Paris itself.
The movement was ultimately condemned by Pope John, who doubted whether the movement had any real intent to carry out a crusade. Philip was forced to move against it, crushing the movement militarily and driving the remnants south across the
Pyrenees
The Pyrenees (; es, Pirineos ; french: Pyrénées ; ca, Pirineu ; eu, Pirinioak ; oc, Pirenèus ; an, Pirineus) is a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain. It extends nearly from its union with the Cantabrian Mountains to C ...
into
Aragon
Aragon ( , ; Spanish and an, Aragón ; ca, Aragó ) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. In northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces (from north to sou ...
.
Final year
"Leper scare"
In 1321 an alleged conspiracy – the "
leper scare" – was discovered in France. The accusation, apparently unfounded, was that
lepers
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacteria ''Mycobacterium leprae'' or ''Mycobacterium lepromatosis''. Infection can lead to damage of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. This nerve damag ...
had been poisoning the wells of various towns, and that this activity had been orchestrated by the Jewish minority,
secretly commissioned by foreign Muslims.
[Jordan, p.171.] The scare took hold in the febrile atmosphere left by the Shepherds' crusade of the previous year and the legacy of the poor harvests of the previous decade.
The French Jews were, by 1321, closely connected to the French crown; Philip had given orders that royal officials assist Jewish money lenders in recovering Christian debts, and some local officials were arguing that the crown was due to inherit the estates of dead Jewish merchants. Following the events of 1320, Philip was involved in fining those who had attacked Jews during the Shepherds' Crusade, which in practice added further to the dislike of this minority in France. Rumours and allegations about lepers themselves had been circulated in 1320 as well, and some had been arrested during the Crusade.
Philip was in
Poitiers
Poitiers (, , , ; Poitevin: ''Poetàe'') is a city on the River Clain in west-central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and the historical centre of Poitou. In 2017 it had a population of 88,291. Its agglomerat ...
in June, involved in a tour of the south aimed at reform of the southern fiscal system, when word arrived of the scare. Philip issued an early edict demanding that any leper found guilty was to be burnt and their goods would be forfeit to the crown. The King's southern tour and reform plans, although administratively sound by modern standards, had created much local opposition, and modern historians have linked the King's role in Poitiers with the sudden outbreak of violence.
[Nirenberg, p.60.] This all put Philip in a difficult position: He could not openly side with those claiming wrongdoing by the lepers, Jews, and Muslims without encouraging further unnecessary violence; on the other hand, if he did not ally himself to the cause, he encouraged further unsanctioned violence, weakening his royal position. Some Jews did leave France as a result of the leper scare, but Philip had successfully resisted signing any formal edict, which limited the impact to some degree.
[Nirenburg, p.67.]
Death and succession
In August, Philip was continuing to progress his reform plans when he fell ill from multiple illnesses.
After a brief respite, he died at
Longchamp, Paris.
He was interred in
Saint Denis Basilica
The Basilica of Saint-Denis (french: Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, links=no, now formally known as the ) is a large former medieval abbey church and present cathedral in the commune of Saint-Denis, a northern suburb of Paris. The building ...
, with his viscera buried at the church of the now-demolished
Couvent des Jacobins in
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
.
By the principle of male succession that Philip had invoked in 1316, Philip was succeeded by his younger brother,
Charles IV, since he left no sons. Charles was also to die without male issue, resulting ultimately in the claim to the French throne by
Edward III of England
Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death in 1377. He is noted for his military success and for restoring ro ...
and the subsequent
Hundred Years War
The Hundred Years' War (; 1337–1453) was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. It originated from disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagen ...
(1337–1453).
Family
In January 1307 Philip V married
Joan II, Countess of Burgundy
Joan II, Countess of Burgundy (french: Jeanne; c. 1287/88 – 21 January 1330), was Queen of France by marriage to Philip V of France; she was also ruling Countess of Burgundy from 1303 to 1330 and ruling Countess of Artois in 1329-1330.
Biograph ...
(daughter and heiress of
Otto IV
Otto IV (1175 – 19 May 1218) was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 until his death in 1218.
Otto spent most of his early life in England and France. He was a follower of his uncle Richard the Lionheart, who made him Count of Poitou in 1196 ...
,
count of Burgundy
This is a list of the counts of Burgundy, i.e., of the region known as Franche-Comté, not to be confused with the Duchy of Burgundy, from 982 to 1678.
House of Ivrea (982–1190)
House of Hohenstaufen (1190–1231)
House of Andechs (12 ...
), and they had five children:
#
Joan Joan may refer to:
People and fictional characters
* Joan (given name), including a list of women, men and fictional characters
*:Joan of Arc, a French military heroine
* Joan (surname)
Weather events
*Tropical Storm Joan (disambiguation), multip ...
(1/2 May 1308 – 10/15 August 1349),
Countess of Burgundy
This is a list of the counts of Burgundy, i.e., of the region known as Franche-Comté, not to be confused with the Duchy of Burgundy, from 982 to 1678.
House of Ivrea (982–1190)
House of Hohenstaufen (1190–1231)
House of Andechs (12 ...
and
Artois
Artois ( ; ; nl, Artesië; English adjective: ''Artesian'') is a region of northern France. Its territory covers an area of about 4,000 km2 and it has a population of about one million. Its principal cities are Arras (Dutch: ''Atrecht'') ...
in her own right and wife of
Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy
Odo IV or Eudes IV (1295 – 3 April 1349) was Duke of Burgundy from 1315 until his death and Count of Burgundy and Artois between 1330 and 1347, as well as titular King of Thessalonica from 1316 to 1320. He was the second son of Duke Rober ...
#
Margaret
Margaret is a female first name, derived via French () and Latin () from grc, μαργαρίτης () meaning "pearl". The Greek is borrowed from Persian.
Margaret has been an English name since the 11th century, and remained popular througho ...
(1309 – 9 May 1382), wife of
Louis I of Flanders
Louis I ( – 26 August 1346, ruled 1322–1346) was Count of Flanders, Nevers and Rethel.
Life
He was the son of Louis I, Count of Nevers, and Joan, Countess of Rethel, and grandson of Robert III of Flanders. He succeeded his father as c ...
.
Countess of Burgundy
This is a list of the counts of Burgundy, i.e., of the region known as Franche-Comté, not to be confused with the Duchy of Burgundy, from 982 to 1678.
House of Ivrea (982–1190)
House of Hohenstaufen (1190–1231)
House of Andechs (12 ...
and
Artois
Artois ( ; ; nl, Artesië; English adjective: ''Artesian'') is a region of northern France. Its territory covers an area of about 4,000 km2 and it has a population of about one million. Its principal cities are Arras (Dutch: ''Atrecht'') ...
in her own right.
#
Isabelle
Isabel is a female name of Spanish origin. Isabelle is a name that is similar, but it is of French origin. It originates as the medieval Spanish form of '' Elisabeth'' (ultimately Hebrew ''Elisheva''), Arising in the 12th century, it became popul ...
(1310 – April 1348), wife of
Guigues VIII de La Tour du Pin, Dauphin de Viennois
Guigues VIII de la Tour-du-Pin (1309 – 28 July 1333) was the Dauphin of Vienne from 1318 to his death. He was the eldest son of the Dauphin John II and Beatrice of Hungary.
Career
Only nine years of age when his father died, he succeeded ...
.
#
Blanche (1313 – 26 April 1358), a nun.
# Philip (24 June 1316 – 24 February 1317).
In fiction
Philip is a character in ''
Les Rois maudits
''The Accursed Kings'' (french: Les Rois maudits ) is a series of historical novels by French author Maurice Druon about the French monarchy in the 14th century. Published between 1955 and 1977, the series has been adapted as a miniseries twice ...
'' (''The Accursed Kings''), a series of French
historical novel
Historical fiction is a literary genre in which the plot takes place in a setting related to the past events, but is fictional. Although the term is commonly used as a synonym for historical fiction literature, it can also be applied to other ty ...
s by
Maurice Druon
Maurice Druon (23 April 1918 – 14 April 2009) was a French novelist and a member of the Académie Française, of which he served as "Perpetual Secretary" (chairman) between 1985 and 1999.
Life and career
Born in Paris, France, Druon was the s ...
. In the novel, Philip was depicted as the most shrewd among the three sons of Philip IV. He was portrayed by
Josep Maria Flotats
Josep Maria Flotats i Picas (; born 12 January 1939) is a Spanish actor and theatre director.
He was born in Barcelona, where he started as an actor in Associació Dramàtica de Barcelona, and made his theatre debut in 1957 with ''Les maletes de ...
in the 1972 French
miniseries
A miniseries or mini-series is a television series that tells a story in a predetermined, limited number of episodes. "Limited series" is another more recent US term which is sometimes used interchangeably. , the popularity of miniseries format h ...
adaptation of the series, and by
Éric Ruf
Éric Ruf (born 21 May 1969), is a French actor, set designer and theatre director. He appeared in more than thirty films since 1995.
He joined the Comédie-Française
The Comédie-Française () or Théâtre-Français () is one of the few state ...
in the 2005 adaptation.
Ancestry
References
Bibliography
*
* Barber, Malcolm. (1981) "The Pastoureaux of 1320." ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History.'' 32 (1981): 143–166.
* Brown, Elizabeth, A. R. (2000) ''The King's Conundrum: Endowing Queens and Loyal Servants, Ensuring Salvation, and Protecting the Patrimony in Fourteenth-Century France,'' in Burrow and Wei (eds) 2000.
* Burrow, John Anthony and Ian P. Wei (eds). (2000) ''Medieval Futures: Attitudes to the Future in the Middle Ages.'' Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
* Drees, Clayton J. (2001) ''The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300–1500: a Biographical Dictionary.'' Westport: Greenwood Press.
* Duby, George. (1993) ''France in the Middle Ages 987–1460: from Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc.'' Oxford: Blackwell.
* Fryde, Natalie. (2003) ''The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321–1326.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*
* Holmes, George. (2000) ''Europe, Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320–1450, 2nd edition.'' Oxford: Blackwell.
* Housley, Norman. (1986) ''The Avignon papacy and the Crusades, 1305–1378.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press.
* Housley, Norman. (1992) ''The later Crusades, 1274–1580: from Lyons to Alcazar.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Jordan, William Chester. (1996) ''The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the early Fourteenth Century.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press.
* Jordan, William Chester. (2005) ''Unceasing Strife, Unending Fear: Jacques de Therines and the Freedom of the Church in the Age of the Last Capetians.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press.
* Nirenberg, David. (1996) ''Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press.
* Riley-Smith, Jonathan. (2005) ''The Crusades: a History.'' London: Continuum.
* Rose, Hugh James. (1857) ''A New General Biographical Dictionary, Volume 11.'' London: Fellows.
* TeBrake, William Henry. (1994) ''A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323–1328.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Wagner, John. A. (2006) ''Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War.'' Westport: Greenwood Press.
*
*
*
External links
The original wax seal of King Philip V the Tallin the Estonian Historical Archives.
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, -
{{DEFAULTSORT:Philip 05 Of France
1293 births
1322 deaths
14th-century kings of France
14th-century Navarrese monarchs
People from Lyon
France, Philip V of
Navarrese monarchs
House of Capet
Heirs presumptive to the French throne
13th-century French people
14th-century French people
Deaths from dysentery
14th-century peers of France
Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis