''Philine'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

sea slug Sea slug is a common name for some marine invertebrates with varying levels of resemblance to terrestrial slugs. Most creatures known as sea slugs are gastropods, i.e. they are sea snails (marine gastropod mollusks) that over evolutionary t ...

s or

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is esti ...

s in the subfamily Philininae of the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Philinidae Philinidae is a family of medium-sized sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. These are headshield slugs, in the order Cephalaspidea.Bouchet, P. (2012). Philinidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www. ...

, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138339 on 2011-09-21

Species

Species within the genus ''Philine'' include: * '' Philine abyssicola'' Valdès, 2008 * '' Philine aethiopica'' Thiele, 1925 * '' Philine alboides'' Price, Gosliner & Valdés, 2011 * ''

Philine amabilis ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Verrill, 1880 * ''

Philine angasi ''Philine angasi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Philinidae Philinidae is a family of medium-sized sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. These are headshield slugs, in the o ...

'' Crosse and Fischer, 1865 * '' Philine angulata'' Jeffreys, 1867 - angled paper-bubble, angled paperbubble * ''

Philine aperta The sand slug, scientific name ''Philine aperta'', is a species of predatory sea slug with an internal shell, a cephalaspid opisthobranch, or head-shield slug. It is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Philinidae. Distribution This species ...

'' ( Linnaeus, 1767) * '' Philine approximans'' Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896 * '' Philine araneosa'' van der Linden, 1995 * ''

Philine argentina ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Carcelles, 1947 * ''

Philine auriformis ''Philine auriformis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs. ''Philine auriformis'' (commonly known as the New Zealand sea slug) eats small clams and worms. This specie ...

Suter Suter is a surname. Notable people with the name include: * Alexis P. Suter (born 1963), American blues, and soul blues singer and songwriter * Andrew Burn Suter (1830–1895), Bishop of the Diocese of Nelson, New Zealand * August Suter (1887& ...

, 1909 * ''

Philine azorica ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Bouchet, 1975 * ''

Philine babai ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Valdés, 2008 * ''

Philine bakeri ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Dall, 1919 * ''

Philine baxteri ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Valdés, Cadien & Gosliner, 2016 * ''

Philine beachportensis ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Verco, 1909 * ''

Philine berghi ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' E. A. Smith, 1910 * ''

Philine buchensis ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Caballer & Ortea, 2015 * '' Philine burrowsi'' Burn, 1961 * '' Philine caballeri'' Ortea, Espinosa & Moro, 2001 * '' Philine caledonica'' Risbec, 1951 * '' Philine candeana'' (d'Orbigny, 1841) * '' Philine catena'' (Montagu, 1803) * ''

Philine cerebralis ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Malaquias, Ohnheiser, Oskars & Willassen, 2016 * '' Philine columnaria'' Hedley & May, 1908 * ''

Philine complanata ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Watson, 1897 * '' Philine constricta'' Murdoch and

, 1906 * '' Philine cumingii'' ( Adams 1862) * '' Philine denticulata'' (J. Adams, 1800) * '' Philine dentiphallus'' Gonzales & Gosliner, 2014 * '' Philine elegans'' Bergh, 1905 * '' Philine exigua'' Challis, 1969 * ''

Philine fenestra ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Price, Gosliner & Valdés, 2011 * ''

Philine gelida ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' van der Linden, 1995 * '' Philine guineensis'' Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1966 * '' Philine habei'' Valdés, 2008 * '' Philine harrisae'' Valdés, Cadien & Gosliner, 2016 * '' Philine hemphilli'' Dall, 1919 * ''

Philine infortunata ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

Pilsbry Henry Augustus Pilsbry (7 December 1862 – 26 October 1957) was an American biologist, malacologist and carcinologist, among other areas of study. He was a dominant presence in many fields of invertebrate taxonomy for the better part of a centu ...

, 1895 * '' Philine infundibulum'' Dall, 1889 * '' Philine intricata'' Monterosato, 1875 * '' Philine iris'' Tringali, 2001 * '' Philine kinglipini'' Tchang, 1934 * '' Philine kurodai'' Habe, 1946 * '' Philine lucida'' Dall, 1927 * '' Philine malaquiasi'' Valdés, Cadien & Gosliner, 2016 * '' Philine mcleani'' Valdés, Cadien & Gosliner, 2016 * '' Philine mera'' Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1969 * '' Philine monilifera'' Bouchet, 1975 * '' Philine monterosati'' Monterosato, 1874 * '' Philine multipapillata'' Gonzales & Gosliner, 2014 * '' Philine orca'' Gosliner, 1988 * '' Philine orientalis'' A. Adams, 1854 * '' Philine multipapillata'' Gonzales & Gosliner, 2014 * ''

Philine paucipapillata ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Price, Gosliner & Valdés, 2011 * '' Philine pittmani'' Gonzales & Gosliner, 2014 * '' Philine planata'' Dall, 1889 * '' Philine polystrigma'' (Dall, 1908) * '' Philine powelli'' Rudman, 1870 * ''

Philine puka ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Price, Gosliner & Valdés, 2011 * '' Philine punctata'' (J. Adams, 1800) * '' Philine quadripartita'' Ascanius, 1772 * '' Philine rubra'' Bergh, 1905 * '' Philine rubrata'' Gosliner, 1988 * '' Philine rugosula'' Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896 * '' Philine sagra'' (

d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny (6 September 1802 – 30 June 1857) was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology (including malacology), palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropol ...

, 1841) - crenulate paper-bubble, crenulate paperbubble * '' Philine sarcophaga'' Price, Gosliner & Valdés, 2011 * '' Philine scalpta'' Adams, 1862 * '' Philine schrammi'' Malaquias, Ohnheiser, Oskars & Willassen, 2016 * '' Philine sinuata'' Stimpson, 1851 * '' Philine striatula'' Monterosato, 1874 * '' Philine striolata'' A. Adams, 1862 * '' Philine talismani'' Sykes, 1905 * † '' Philine tepikia'' Rudman, 1970 * ''

Philine teres ''Philine'' is a genus of sea slugs or sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Philininae of the family Philinidae, the headshield slugs or paper bubbles.Gofas, S. (2011). Philine Ascanius, 1772. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Hedley, 1903 * '' Philine tincta'' A. E. Verrill, 1882 - tinted paper-bubble, tinted paperbubble * '' Philine trapezia'' Hedley, 1902 * '' Philine umbilicata'' Murdoch and

, 1906 * '' Philine vaillanti'' Issel, 1869 * '' Philine verdensis'' Gonzales & Gosliner, 2014 * '' Philine vestita'' (Philippi, 1840) * '' Philine wareni'' Valdés, Cadien & Gosliner, 2016 ;Taxa inquirenda * ''Philine acutangula'' A. Adams, 1862 * ''Philine desmotis'' Watson, 1897 * ''Philine minuta'' Thiele, 1925 * ''Philine sykesii'' Melvill, 1904 * ''Philine truncatissima'' G. B. Sowerby II, 1870 * ''Philine vitrea'' Gould, 1859 ; Species brought into synonymy: * ''Philine alata'' Thiele, 1912: synonym of '' Antarctophiline alata'' (Thiele, 1912) (original combination) * ''Philine alba'' Mattox, 1958 - white paper-bubble, white paperbubble: synonym of '' Philinorbis albus'' (Mattox, 1958) (original combination) * ''Philine alternans'' van der Linden, 1995: synonym of ''

Laona alternans Laona can refer to: * Laona Township, Winnebago County, Illinois * Laona Township, Minnesota * Laona, New York * Laona, Wisconsin, a town *Laona (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community within the town * ''Laona'' (gastropod), a genus o ...

'' (van der Linden, 1995) (original combination) * ''Philine antarctica'' Smith, 1902: synonym of '' Waegelea antarctica'' (E. A. Smith, 1902) (original combination) * ''Philine apertissima'' Smith, 1902: synonym of '' Antarctophiline apertissima'' (E. A. Smith, 1902) (original combination) * ''Philine apertissima'' de Folin, 1893: synonym of ''Philine quadripartita'' Ascanius, 1772 * ''Philine argentata'' Gould, 1859: synonym of ''Philine orientalis'' A. Adams, 1854 * ''Philine californica'' Willett, 1944 - California paper-bubble, California paperbubble : synonym of ''

Laona californica Laona can refer to: * Laona Township, Winnebago County, Illinois * Laona Township, Minnesota * Laona, New York * Laona, Wisconsin, a town *Laona (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community within the town * ''Laona'' (gastropod), a genus o ...

'' (Willett, 1944) (original combination) * ''Philine calva'' van der Linden, 1995: synonym of ''Philine striatula'' Monterosato, 1874 * ''Philine chilla'' Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1969: synonym of ''

Laona chilla Laona can refer to: * Laona Township, Winnebago County, Illinois * Laona Township, Minnesota * Laona, New York * Laona, Wisconsin, a town *Laona (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community within the town * ''Laona'' (gastropod), a genus o ...

'' (Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1969) (original combination) * ''Philine cingulata'' G. O. Sars, 1878 - girdled paper-bubble, girdled paperbubble : synonym of ''Philine finmarchica'' M. Sars, 1858 * ''Philine condensa'' van der Linden, 1995: synonym of ''

Laona condensa Laona can refer to: * Laona Township, Winnebago County, Illinois * Laona Township, Minnesota * Laona, New York * Laona, Wisconsin, a town *Laona (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community within the town * ''Laona'' (gastropod), a genus o ...

'' (van der Linden, 1995) (original combination) * ''Philine confusa'' Ohnheiser & Malaquias, 2013: synonym of ''

Laona confusa Laona can refer to: * Laona Township, Winnebago County, Illinois * Laona Township, Minnesota * Laona, New York * Laona, Wisconsin, a town *Laona (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community within the town * ''Laona'' (gastropod), a genus o ...

'' (Ohnheiser & Malaquias, 2013) * ''Philine falklandica'' A. W. B. Powell, 1951: synonym of '' Antarctophiline falklandica'' (Powell, 1951) (original combination) * ''Philine fragilis'' G. O. Sars, 1878 - fragile paper-bubble, fragile paperbubble : synonym of ''Philine finmarchica'' M. Sars, 1858: synonym of '' Praephiline finmarchica'' (M. Sars, 1859) * ''Philine gibba'' (Strebel, 1908): synonym of '' Antarctophiline gibba'' (Strebel, 1908) (original combination) * ''Philine gouldi'' Doello-Jurado, 1918: synonym of '' Antarctophiline gibba'' (Strebel, 1908) * ''Philine grandioculi'' Ohnheiser & Malaquias, 2013: synonym of ''

Laona grandioculi Laona can refer to: * Laona Township, Winnebago County, Illinois * Laona Township, Minnesota * Laona, New York * Laona, Wisconsin, a town *Laona (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community within the town * ''Laona'' (gastropod), a genus o ...

'' (Ohnheiser & Malaquias, 2013) * ''Philine indistincta'' Ohnheiser & Malaquias, 2013: synonym of '' Hermania indistincta'' (Ohnheiser & Malaquias, 2013) (original combination) * ''Philine japonica'' Lischke, 1872: synonym of ''Philine orientalis'' A. Adams, 1854 * ''Philine kawamurai'' (Habe, 1958): synonym of '' Globophiline kawamurai'' Habe, 1958 * ''Philine kerguelensis'' Thiele, 1925: synonym of '' Spiraphiline kerguelensis'' (Thiele, 1925) (original combination) * ''Philine laevissima'' M. Sars, 1859: synonym of ''

Diaphana hiemalis ''Diaphana'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Diaphanidae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution. Species: *''Diaphana abyssalis'' *''Diaphana anderssoni'' *''Diaphana brazieri'' *''Diaphana californica'' *''Diapha ...

'' (Couthouy, 1839) * ''Philine lima'' (T. Brown, 1825) - file paper-bubble, file paperbubble: synonym of '' Retusophiline lima'' (T. Brown, 1827) * ''Philine lineolata'' (Couthouy, 1839): synonym of ''Philine lima'' (T. Brown, 1825): synonym of '' Retusophiline lima'' (T. Brown, 1827) * ''Philine loveni'' Malm, 1858: synonym of ''

Philine scabra ''Hermania scabra'' is a species of gastropods belonging to the family Philinidae Philinidae is a family of medium-sized sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. These are headshield slugs, in the order Cephalaspidea.Bouchet, P. ...

'' (O. F. Müller, 1784) * ''Philine milneedwardsi'' Locard, 1897: synonym of ''Philine quadripartita'' Ascanius, 1772 * ''Philine monterosatoi'' Sykes, 1905: synonym of ''Philine monterosati'' Monterosato, 1874 (unjustified emendation) * ''Philine ossiansarsi'' Friele, 1877: synonym of ''Philine finmarchica'' M. Sars, 1858 * ''Philine polaris'' Aurivillius, 1885 - axial paper-bubble, axial paperbubble: synonym of '' Philine quadrata'' (S. Wood, 1839) * ''Philine pruinosa'' (Clark, 1827): synonym of ''

Laona pruinosa Laona can refer to: * Laona Township, Winnebago County, Illinois * Laona Township, Minnesota * Laona, New York * Laona, Wisconsin, a town *Laona (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community within the town * ''Laona'' (gastropod), a genus o ...

'' (W. Clark, 1827) * ''Philine polystrigma'' ( Dall, 1908): synonym of '' Woodbridgea polystrigma'' (Dall, 1908) * ''Philine quadrata'' (S. V. Wood, 1839) - quadrate paper-bubble, quadrate paperbubble: synonym of ''

Laona quadrata Laona can refer to: * Laona Township, Winnebago County, Illinois * Laona Township, Minnesota * Laona, New York * Laona, Wisconsin, a town *Laona (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community within the town * ''Laona'' (gastropod), a genus o ...

'' (S. Wood, 1839) * ''Philine retifera'' (Forbes, 1844): synonym of ''Philine vestita'' (Philippi, 1840) * ''Philine rugulosa'' (Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896): synonym of ''Philine rugosula'' Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896 * ''Philine scabra'' Muller, 1784: synonym of '' Hermania scabra'' (O. F. Müller, 1784) * ''Philine sinuata'' Stimpson, 1851 - sinuate paper-bubble, sinuate paperbubble : synonym of ''Philine denticulata'' (Adams J., 1800) * ''Philine striatella'' Tapparone-Canefri, 1874 : synonym of ''Philine orientalis'' A. Adams, 1854 * ''Philine trachyostraca'' Watson, 1897: synonym of '' Philine retifera'' (Forbes, 1844) * ''Philine thurmanni'' Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1969: synonym of ''

Laona thurmanni Laona can refer to: * Laona Township, Winnebago County, Illinois * Laona Township, Minnesota * Laona, New York * Laona, Wisconsin, a town *Laona (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community within the town * ''Laona'' (gastropod), a genus o ...

'' (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1969) * ''Philine ventricosa'' (Jeffreys, 1865): synonym of '' Laona ventricosa'' (Jeffreys, 1865)

References

* Vaught, K.C. (1989). ''A classification of the living Mollusca''. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp. * Chaban E.M. & Soldatenko E.V. (2009) ''Description of a new genus Praephiline gen. nov. (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia: Philinidae)''. Zoosystematica Rossica 18(2): 205-211. * Price R.M., Gosliner T.M. & Valdés A. (2011) ''Systematics and phylogeny of Philine (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia), with emphasis on the Philine aperta species complex''. The Veliger 51(2): 1-58.

External links

* * * Powell A. W. B., ''New Zealand Mollusca'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 {{Commons category Philinidae