A phase shift module is a microwave network module which provides a controllable phase shift of the

RF signal Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around to around . This is roughly between the upper ...

. Phase shifters are used in

phased array In antenna theory, a phased array usually means an electronically scanned array, a computer-controlled array of antennas which creates a beam of radio waves that can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving th ...

Classification

Active versus passive

Active phase shifters provide gain, while passive phase shifters are lossy. * Active: ** Applications:

active electronically scanned array An active electronically scanned array (AESA) is a type of phased array antenna, which is a computer-controlled array antenna in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the an ...

(AESA), passive electronically scanned array (PESA) ** Gain: The phase shifter amplifies while phase shifting **

Noise figure Noise figure (NF) and noise factor (''F'') are figures of merit that indicate degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that is caused by components in a signal chain. These figures of merit are used to evaluate the performance of an amplifier ...

(NF) **

Reciprocity Reciprocity may refer to: Law and trade * Reciprocity (Canadian politics), free trade with the United States of America ** Reciprocal trade agreement, entered into in order to reduce (or eliminate) tariffs, quotas and other trade restrictions on ...

: not reciprocal * Passive: ** Applications:

(AESA), passive electronically scanned array (PESA) ** Loss: the phase shifter attenuates while phase shifting ** NF: NF = loss ** Reciprocity: reciprocal

Analog versus digital

* Analog phase shifters provide a continuously variable phase shift or time delay.Microwave Phase Shifter
information from Herley General Microwave * Digital phase shifters provide a discrete set of phase shifts or time delays. Discretization leads to quantization errors. Digital phase shifters require parallel bus control. * Differential, single-ended or waveguide: ** Differential

transmission line In electrical engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves in a contained manner. The term applies when the conductors are long enough that the wave nature of the transmis ...

: A differential transmission line is a balanced two-conductor transmission line in which the phase difference between currents is 180 degrees. The differential mode is less susceptible to common mode noise and cross talk. **

Antenna Antenna ( antennas or antennae) may refer to: Science and engineering * Antenna (radio), also known as an aerial, a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic (e.g., TV or radio) waves * Antennae Galaxies, the name of two collid ...

selection:

dipole In physics, a dipole () is an electromagnetic phenomenon which occurs in two ways: *An electric dipole deals with the separation of the positive and negative electric charges found in any electromagnetic system. A simple example of this system i ...

, tapered slot antenna (TSA) ** Examples: coplanar strip, slotline * Single-ended transmission line: A single-ended transmission line is a two-conductor transmission line in which one conductor is referenced to a common ground, the second conductor. The single-ended mode is more susceptible to common-mode noise and cross talk. ** Antenna selection: double folded slot (DFS), microstrip, monopole ** Examples: CPW, microstrip, stripline *

Waveguide A waveguide is a structure that guides waves, such as electromagnetic waves or sound, with minimal loss of energy by restricting the transmission of energy to one direction. Without the physical constraint of a waveguide, wave intensities de ...

** Antenna selection: waveguide,

horn Horn most often refers to: *Horn (acoustic), a conical or bell shaped aperture used to guide sound ** Horn (instrument), collective name for tube-shaped wind musical instruments *Horn (anatomy), a pointed, bony projection on the head of various ...

Frequency band

One-conductor or dielectric transmission line versus two-conductor transmission line

* One-conductor or dielectric transmission line (

optical fibre An optical fiber, or optical fibre in Commonwealth English, is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical fibers are used most often as a means to ...

finline Planar transmission lines are transmission lines with electrical conductor, conductors, or in some cases dielectric (insulating) strips, that are flat, ribbon-shaped lines. They are used to interconnect components on printed circuits and integra ...

, waveguide): ** Modal ** No TEM or quasi-TEM mode, not TTD or quasi-TTD ** Higher-order TE, TM, HE or HM modes are distorted * Two-conductor transmission line ( CPW,

microstrip Microstrip is a type of electrical transmission line which can be fabricated with any technology where a conductor is separated from a ground plane by a dielectric layer known as the substrate. Microstrip lines are used to convey microwave-frequ ...

slotline Planar transmission lines are transmission lines with conductors, or in some cases dielectric (insulating) strips, that are flat, ribbon-shaped lines. They are used to interconnect components on printed circuits and integrated circuits working ...

stripline Stripline is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line medium invented by Robert M. Barrett of the Air Force Cambridge Research Centre in the 1950s. Stripline is the earliest form of planar transmission line. Description A strip ...

): ** Differential or single-ended ** TEM or quasi-TEM mode is TTD or quasi-TTD * Phase shifters versus TTD phase shifter ** A phase shifter provides an invariable phase shift with frequency, and is used for fixed-beam frequency-invariant pattern synthesis. ** A TTD phase shifter provides an invariable time delay with frequency, and is used for

squint Squinting is the action of looking at something with partially closed eyes. Squinting is most often practiced by people who suffer from refractive errors of the eye who either do not have or are not using their glasses. Squinting helps momentari ...

-free and

ultra wideband Ultra-wideband (UWB, ultra wideband, ultra-wide band and ultraband) is a radio technology that can use a very low energy level for short-range, high-bandwidth communications over a large portion of the radio spectrum. UWB has traditional applicati ...

(UWB) beam steering.

Reciprocal versus non-reciprocal

** Reciprocal: T/R ** Non-reciprocal: T or R

Technology

* Non semi-conducting (ferrite, ferro-electric,

RF MEMS RF is an abbreviation for radio frequency. Rf or RF may also mean: Arts and entertainment * ''Red Faction (series)'', a series of revolution video games * Rinforzando, , in music notation * '' RF Online'', an online RPG made by CCR Businesses * ...

, liquid crystal): ** Passive * Semi-conducting (RF CMOS,

GaAs Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a III-V direct band gap semiconductor with a zinc blende crystal structure. Gallium arsenide is used in the manufacture of devices such as microwave frequency integrated circuits, monolithic microwave integrated circui ...

. SiGe, InP,

GaN The word Gan or the initials GAN may refer to: Places *Gan, a component of Hebrew placenames literally meaning "garden" China * Gan River (Jiangxi) * Gan River (Inner Mongolia), * Gan County, in Jiangxi province * Gansu, abbreviated ''Gā ...

or Sb): ** Active:

BJT A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a type of transistor that uses both electrons and electron holes as charge carriers. In contrast, a unipolar transistor, such as a field-effect transistor, uses only one kind of charge carrier. A bipolar ...

FET The field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor that uses an electric field to control the flow of current in a semiconductor. FETs (JFETs or MOSFETs) are devices with three terminals: ''source'', ''gate'', and ''drain''. FETs contr ...

transistor based

MMIC Monolithic microwave integrated circuit, or MMIC (sometimes pronounced "mimic"), is a type of integrated circuit (IC) device that operates at microwave frequencies (300 MHz to 300 GHz). These devices typically perform functions such as ...

s, RFICs or optical ICs ** Passive:

PIN diode A pin is a device used for fastening objects or material together. Pin or PIN may also refer to: Computers and technology * Personal identification number (PIN), to access a secured system ** PIN pad, a PIN entry device * PIN, a former Dutch de ...

based hybrids

Design

* Loaded-line: ** Distortion: *** Distorted if lumped *** Undistorted and TTD if distributed * Reflect-type: ** Applications: reflect arrays (S₁₁ phase shifters) ** Distortion: *** Distorted if S₂₁ phase shifter, because of 3 dB coupler *** Undistorted and TTD if S₁₁ phase shifter * Switched-network ** Network: *** High-pass or low-pass ***

\pi

or T ** Distortion: *** Undistorted if the

left-handed In human biology, handedness is an individual's preferential use of one hand, known as the dominant hand, due to it being stronger, faster or more dextrous. The other hand, comparatively often the weaker, less dextrous or simply less subjecti ...

high-pass sections cancel out the distortion of the right-handed low-pass sections * Switched-line ** Applications: UWB beam steering ** Distortion: undistorted and TTD * Vector summing

Figures of merit

* Number of effective bits, if digital it* Biasing: current-driven, high-voltage electrostatic A, V* DC power consumption W* Distortion:

group velocity dispersion In optics, group velocity dispersion (GVD) is a characteristic of a dispersive medium, used most often to determine how the medium will affect the duration of an optical pulse traveling through it. Formally, GVD is defined as the derivative of the ...

(GVD) s²/nm* Gain Bif active, loss Bif passive *

Linearity Linearity is the property of a mathematical relationship (''function'') that can be graphically represented as a straight line. Linearity is closely related to '' proportionality''. Examples in physics include rectilinear motion, the linear r ...

: IP3, P1dB Bm* Phase shift / noise figure �/dB(phase shifter) or time delay / noise figure s/dB(TTD phase shifter) * Power handling W, dBm* Reliability ycles, MTBF* Size m²* Switching time s

References

External links

"Phase Shifters"
Micorwaves101.com
Microwave Phase Shifter
information from Herley General Microwave

A low cost electro-mechanical phase shifter design, including a brief summary of solid state methods @ www.activefrance.com {{DEFAULTSORT:Phase Shift Module Radar Microwave technology