''Phalium'',

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...

the bonnet shells, is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of large

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is esti ...

s in the subfamily Phaliinae of the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Cassidae The Cassidae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized, large, and sometimes very large sea snails commonly called helmet snails or bonnet snails. These are marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tonnoidea and the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas, ...

, the helmet shells, bonnet shells and their allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Phalium Link, 1807. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137749 on 2022-01-02

Taxonomy

Abbott (1968) held a very comprehensive concept of the genus ''Phalium'', to include all the species of the subfamily Phaliinae except those included in ''Casmaria'' H.& A. Adams, 1853. Current authors (Alf, 1997; Beu, 2008) would include in ''Phalium'' only those species which have

varix A varix (pl. varices) is an abnormally dilated vessel with a tortuous course. Varices usually occur in the venous system, but may also occur in arterial or lymphatic vessels. Examples of varices include: * Varicose veins, large tortuous veins usua ...

es all along the

spire A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are ...

and have spines around the outer edge of the terminal varix as in ''Casmaria''. Species with predominantly spiral

sculpture Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...

and with only a terminal varix without spines are currently classified in ''Semicassis'' Mörch, 1852 but often cited under ''Phalium''.

Species

According to the

World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scientific specialist ...

(WoRMS), the following species with valid names are included within the genus ''Phalium'' : * ''

Phalium areola ''Phalium areola'', common name the checkerboard bonnet, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the subfamily Cassinae, within the family Cassidae the helmet and bonnet shells. It is also known as the checkerboard bonnet s ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''

Phalium bandatum ''Phalium bandatum'', common name the banded bonnet, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae.WoRMS (2010). Phalium bandatum. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies ...

'' (Perry, 1811) * ''

Phalium decussatum ''Phalium'', common name the bonnet shells, is a genus of large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Phaliinae of the family Cassidae, the helmet shells, bonnet shells and their allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. P ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''

Phalium evdoxiae ''Phalium'', common name the bonnet shells, is a genus of large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Phaliinae of the family Cassidae, the helmet shells, bonnet shells and their allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBa ...

'' H. Morrison, 2016 * ''

Phalium exaratum ''Phalium'', common name the bonnet shells, is a genus of large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Phaliinae of the family Cassidae, the helmet shells, bonnet shells and their allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBa ...

'' (Reeve, 1848) * ''

Phalium fimbria ''Phalium fimbria'' is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae The Cassidae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized, large, and sometimes very large sea snails commonly called helmet snails or bonnet ...

'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''

Phalium flammiferum ''Phalium flammiferum'', the striped bonnet, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae The Cassidae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized, large, and sometimes very large sea snails commonly calle ...

'' (Röding, 1798) * ''

Phalium glaucum ''Phalium glaucum'', common name the grey bonnet or glaucus bonnet, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Distribution This species is widespread in the Indo-Pac ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * † ''

Phalium menkrawitense ''Phalium'', common name the bonnet shells, is a genus of large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Phaliinae of the family Cassidae, the helmet shells, bonnet shells and their allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBa ...

'' Beets, 1941 * ''

Phalium muangmani ''Phalium'', common name the bonnet shells, is a genus of large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Phaliinae of the family Cassidae, the helmet shells, bonnet shells and their allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBa ...

'' Raybaudi Massilia & Prati Musetti, 1995 ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Phalium adcocki'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1896): synonym of ''

Semicassis adcocki ''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Species According to the World Register of Marine Species (W ...

'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1896) * ''Phalium agnitum'' Iredale, 1927: synonym of ''Phalium areola'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Phalium andersoni'' Abbott, 1968: synonym of ''

Echinophoria hadra ''Echinophoria'' is a genus of large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.Bouchet, P. (2010). Echinophoria Sacco, 1890. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine ...

'' (Woodring & Olsson, 1957) * ''Phalium bisulcatum'' (Schubert & J. A. Wagner, 1829): synonym of ''

Semicassis bisulcata ''Semicassis bisulcata'', common name: the Japanese bonnet, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Description The size of an adult shell varies between 25&n ...

'' (Schubert & J. A. Wagner, 1829) * ''Phalium breviculum'' Tsi & Ma, 1980: synonym of ''Phalium flammiferum'' (Röding, 1798) * ''Phalium cicatricosum'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''

Semicassis granulata The Scotch bonnet (''Semicassis granulata'') is a medium-sized to large species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily Cassinae, the helmet shells and bonnet shells. The common name "Scotch bonnet" alludes to the general ...

'' (Born, 1778) * ''Phalium clathratum'' Link, 1807: synonym of ''Phalium areola'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Phalium coronadoi'' (Crosse, 1867): synonym of ''

Echinophoria coronadoi ''Echinophoria coronadoi'' is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Distribution This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Description ...

'' (Crosse, 1867) * ''Phalium craticulatum'' (Euthyme, 1885): synonym of ''

Semicassis craticulata ''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Species According to the World Register of Marine Species (W ...

'' (Euthyme, 1885) * ''Phalium decipiens'' Kilburn, 1980: synonym of ''

Semicassis decipiens ''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Species According to the World Register of Marine Species (W ...

'' (Kilburn, 1980) (original combination) * ''Phalium denisi'' Salmon, 1948: synonym of ''

Semicassis angasi ''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Species According to the World Register of Marine Species (W ...

'' (Iredale, 1927) * ''Phalium edentulum'' Link, 1807: synonym of ''

Casmaria erinaceus ''Casmaria erinaceus'', common name : the common bonnet, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Description The size of an adult shell varies between 20 ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Phalium extinctum'' Link, 1807: synonym of ''Phalium areola'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Phalium faurotis'' (Jousseaume, 1888): synonym of ''

Semicassis faurotis ''Phalium faurotis'' is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae The Cassidae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized, large, and sometimes very large sea snails commonly called helmet snails or bonne ...

'' (Jousseaume, 1888) * ''Phalium fibratum'' P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1920 †: synonym of ''

Semicassis fibrata ''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Species According to the World Register of Marine Species (W ...

'' (P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1920) † * ''Phalium fimbriata'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''

'' (Gmelin, 1791) (misspelling) * ''Phalium glabratum'' (Dunker, 1852): synonym of ''

Semicassis glabrata ''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Species According to the World Register of Marine Species (W ...

'' (Dunker, 1852) * ''Phalium grangei'' Marwick, 1926 †: synonym of '' Echinophoria grangei'' (Marwick, 1926) † * ''Phalium granulatum'' (Von Born, 1778): synonym of ''

'' (Born, 1778) * ''Phalium hectori'' Abbott, 1968 †: synonym of '' Echinophoria pollens'' (Finlay, 1926) † * ''Phalium iheringi'' Carcelles, 1953: synonym of '' Semicassis zeylanica'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Phalium inornatum'' Pilsbry, 1895 : synonym of ''

Semicassis inornata ''Semicassis inornata'' is a species of large sea snail, a marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc in the family (biology), family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Description Distribution This marine species occurs off Japan. ...

'' (Pilsbry, 1895) * ''Phalium kurodai'' Abbott, 1968 : synonym of '' Echinophoria wyvillei'' (Watson, 1886) * ''Phalium labiatum'' (Perry, 1811): synonym of ''

Semicassis labiata ''Semicassis labiata'' (formerly also known as ''Phalium labiatum'') is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc. This species is in the subfamily Cassinae, the "helmet shells" and "bonnet shells", which feed on sea urch ...

'' (Perry, 1811) * ''Phalium microstoma'' (E. von Martens, 1904): synonym of ''

Semicassis microstoma ''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Species According to the World Register of Marine Species ...

'' (E. von Martens, 1904) * ''Phalium pila'' (Reeve, 1848): synonym of ''

'' (Schubert & J. A. Wagner, 1829) * ''Phalium ponderosa'' ic synonym of Phalium ponderosum (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''

Casmaria ponderosa ''Casmaria ponderosa'', common name the heavy bonnet, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Subspecies *'' Casmaria ponderosa perryi'' (Iredale, T., 1912): sy ...

'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Phalium ponderosum'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''

'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Phalium pseudobandatum'' S. K. Tan, H. E. Ng & Nguang, 2013: synonym of ''Phalium bandatum'' (Perry, 1811) * ''Phalium pyrum'' (Lamarck, 1822): synonym of ''

Semicassis pyrum ''Semicassis pyrum'', common name the "pear bonnet" or "common helmet", is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cassidae The Cassidae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized, large, and sometimes very lar ...

'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Phalium quadratum'' Link, 1807: synonym of ''

'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Phalium saburon'' (Bruguière, 1792) : synonym of ''

Semicassis saburon ''Semicassis saburon'' is a species of large sea snail, a marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc in the family (biology), family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Description The shell of ''Semicassis saburon'' can reach a size of ...

'' (Bruguière, 1792) * ''Phalium semigranosum'' (Lamarck, 1822): synonym of ''

Semicassis semigranosa ''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Species According to the World Register of Marine Species (W ...

'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Phalium skinneri'' Marwick, 1928 †: synonym of '' Semicassis skinneri'' (Marwick, 1928) † * ''Phalium stadiale'' (Hedley, 1914): synonym of ''

'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Phalium strigatum'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Phalium flammiferum'' (Röding, 1798) * ''Phalium sulcatum'' Link, 1807: synonym of ''Phalium areola'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Phalium torquatum'' Reeve, 1848: synonym of ''

'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Phalium undulatum'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''

'' (Born, 1778) * ''Phalium vibex'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Phalium whitworthi'' Abbott, 1968: synonym of ''

Semicassis whitworthi ''Semicassis'' is a genus of medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cassinae within the family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails. Species According to the World Register of Marine Species (W ...

'' (Abbott, 1968)

References

* Abbott, R.T. (1968). ''The Helmet shells of the world (Cassidae) Part 1. Indo-pacific Mollusca 2(9): 7-201'' * Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). ''European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification''. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213 ( * Beu A.G. 2008: ''Recent deep-water Cassidae of the world. A revision of Galeodea, Oocorys, Sconsia, Echinophoria and related taxa, with new genera and species (Mollusca, Gastropoda)''. In Héros V., Cowie R.H. & Bouchet P. (eds), Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos 25. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 196: 269-387 * Kreipl K. 1997. ''Recent Cassidae''. Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden, 151 p Cassidae {{Cassidae-stub