Peter of Ancarano ( it, Piètro d'Ancarano, la, Petrus Ancharanus) (c.1333 – 1416) was an Italian jurist. He worked in the tradition of

Giovanni d'Andrea Giovanni d'Andrea or Johannes Andreæ (1270 1275 – 1348) was an Italian expert in canon law, the most renowned and successful canonist of the later Middle Ages. His contemporaries referred to him as ''iuris canonici fons et ...

.Thomas Kuehn, ''Heirs, kin, and Creditors in Renaissance Florence'' (2008), p. 183
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He earned the Latin nickname ''anchora juris'', and was also known as Pietro de Farneto. Pietro d'Ancarano – Consilia, 1549 – BEIC 13809105

Pietro d'Ancarano – Consilia, 1549 – BEIC 13809105

Life

He studied

Roman law Roman law is the law, legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the ''Corpus Juris Civilis'' (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor J ...

under

Baldus de Ubaldis Baldus de Ubaldis (Italian: ''Baldo degli Ubaldi''; 1327 – 28 April 1400) was an Italian jurist, and a leading figure in Medieval Roman Law and the school of Postglossators. Life A member of the noble family of the Ubaldi (Baldeschi), ...

Perugia Perugia (, , ; lat, Perusia) is the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the River Tiber, and of the province of Perugia. The city is located about north of Rome and southeast of Florence. It covers a high hilltop and part o ...

, and then

canon law Canon law (from grc, κανών, , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is th ...

under Bartholomeus de Saliceto at

Bologna Bologna (, , ; egl, label= Emilian, Bulåggna ; lat, Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nat ...

.Ken Pennington page
His academic career was mainly at Bologna. He was an influential jurisconsult and teacher in

Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico an ...

from the 1390s. He spent time also at

Siena Siena ( , ; lat, Sena Iulia) is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the province of Siena. The city is historically linked to commercial and banking activities, having been a major banking center until the 13th and 14th centuri ...

and

Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 ...

. In 1402 he moved to the

University of Ferrara The University of Ferrara ( it, Università degli Studi di Ferrara) is the main university of the city of Ferrara in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. In the years prior to the First World War the University of Ferrara, with more than 5 ...

, with

Antonius de Butrio Antonius de Butrio (1338–1408), also called ''Antonio da Butrio'', was an Italian jurist and a noted teacher of law at Bologna. He composed numerous commentaries to the Decretals of Gregory IX and the Liber Sextus, which provide a comprehensive ...

(who was one of his students) and Johannes de Imola. An elaborator of

conciliarism Conciliarism was a reform movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope. The movement emerged in response to ...

, he participated in the

Council of Pisa The Council of Pisa was a controversial ecumenical council of the Catholic Church held in 1409. It attempted to end the Western Schism by deposing Benedict XIII (Avignon) and Gregory XII (Rome) for schism and manifest heresy. The College of C ...

and

Council of Constance The Council of Constance was a 15th-century ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany. The council ended the Western Schism by deposing or accepting the res ...

on behalf of

Antipope John XXIII Baldassarre Cossa (c. 1370 – 22 December 1419) was Pisan antipope John XXIII (1410–1415) during the Western Schism. The Catholic Church regards him as an antipope, as he opposed Pope Gregory XII whom the Catholic Church now recognizes as ...

Views

Peter of Ancarano's commentary on the ''

Decretals of Gregory IX The Decretals of Gregory IX ( la, Decretales Gregorii IX), also collectively called the , are a source of medieval Catholic canon law. In 1230, Pope Gregory IX ordered his chaplain and confessor, St. Raymond of Penyafort, a Dominican, to form ...

'' was celebrated. On his ''Tractatus de schismate'' (written 1405, unpublished but widely circulated as manuscript), his views were fundamentally in favour of

papal monarchy Papal supremacy is the doctrine of the Catholic Church that the Pope, by reason of his office as Vicar of Christ, the visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful, and as pastor of th ...

; but in terms of the

Western Schism The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Vatican Standoff, the Great Occidental Schism, or the Schism of 1378 (), was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon bo ...

as it stood after 1400, the behaviour of both

Antipope Benedict XIII Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor (25 November 1328 – 23 May 1423), known as in Spanish and Pope Luna in English, was an Aragonese nobleman who, as Benedict XIII, is considered an antipope (see Western Schism) by the Catholic Church ...

and

Pope Gregory XII Pope Gregory XII ( la, Gregorius XII; it, Gregorio XII; – 18 October 1417), born Angelo Corraro, Corario," or Correr, was head of the Catholic Church from 30 November 1406 to 4 July 1415. Reigning during the Western Schism, he was oppose ...

made him shift ground towards a conciliar resolution. Baldassarre Cossa (shortly to be an antipope as John XXIII) persuaded him, perhaps with Butrio, to write in 1405 on the schism. In line with the Bologna faculty generally, and

Francesco Zabarella Francesco Zabarella (10 August 1360 – 26 September 1417) was an Italian cardinal and canonist. Appointment as bishop Born in Padua, he studied jurisprudence at Bologna and at Florence, where he graduated in 1385. He taught Canon law at Florence ...

, he believed Pope Gregory, in particular, should keep to commitments he had made. The marriage of

Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence (autumn 1387 – 22 March 1421) was a medieval English prince and soldier, the second son of Henry IV of England, brother of Henry V, and heir to the throne in the event of his brother's death. He acted ...

and

Margaret Holland Margaret is a female first name, derived via French () and Latin () from grc, μαργαρίτης () meaning "pearl". The Greek is borrowed from Persian. Margaret has been an English name since the 11th century, and remained popular through ...

in 1412 required a papal dispensation, because of the

degree of consanguinity Consanguinity ("blood relation", from Latin '' consanguinitas'') is the characteristic of having a kinship with another person (being descended from a common ancestor). Many jurisdictions have laws prohibiting people who are related by blood fro ...

as defined in canon law and the ''

Book of Leviticus The book of Leviticus (, from grc, Λευιτικόν, ; he, וַיִּקְרָא, , "And He called") is the third book of the Torah (the Pentateuch) and of the Old Testament, also known as the Third Book of Moses. Scholars generally agree ...

''. The dispensation was granted by John XXIII, against quite recent precedent (the 1392 case of

Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac (1360 – 12 June 1418) was Count of Armagnac and Constable of France. He was the son of John II, Count of Armagnac, and Jeanne de Périgord. He succeeded in Armagnac at the death of his brother, John III, in 1 ...

who wished to marry the widow of his late brother

John III, Count of Armagnac John III of Armagnac (1359 – July 25, 1391) was a Count of Armagnac, of Fézensac and Rodez from 1384 to 1391. He was the son of John II of Armagnac, and Joan of Périgord. In 1390, John claimed the Kingdom of Majorca, but was overcome by the ...

, and was refused by

Pope Clement VII Pope Clement VII ( la, Clemens VII; it, Clemente VII; born Giulio de' Medici; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534. Deemed "the ...

); and proceeded on the basis of an opinion of Peter of Ancarano (influenced by Andrea). It created a precedent itself, on papal powers.Richard A. McCabe, ''Incest, Drama and Nature's Law, 1550-1700'' (2008), p. 48
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Works

* ''Lectura super Clementinis'', Venice 1483 * ''Disputatio super imprestitis montis novi'', Venice, ca. 1499/1500 * ''Repetitio capituli 'Canonum statuta De constitutionibus, Rome 1475, Bologna 1493, Venice 1500 * ''Repetitio capituli 'Postulati de foro competente, Bologna 1474, Toulouse 1484/90 He wrote also a number of ''Consilia, Repetitiones, Responsa'' and commentaries to the

Decretals Decretals ( la, litterae decretales) are letters of a pope that formulate decisions in ecclesiastical law of the Catholic Church.McGurk. ''Dictionary of Medieval Terms''. p. 10 They are generally given in answer to consultations but are sometimes ...

: * ''Consilia'', Rome 1474, Pavia 1496. ** * ''Super I Librum Decretalium'', Lyon 1518, Lyon 1535, Bologna 1581. * ''Super II Librum Decretalium'', Lyon 1519, Lyon 1535, Bologna 1581. * ''Super Sexto Librum Decretalium'', Venice 1501

Notes

External links

WorldCat page
alternatel
WorldCat page
under a name variant
CERL pageOpen Library page
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ancarano, Peter 1333 births 1416 deaths 14th-century Italian jurists Canon law jurists 15th-century Italian jurists