Jerusalem, named for the Biblical
Jerusalem
Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
(in
Māori
Māori or Maori can refer to:
Relating to the Māori people
* Māori people of New Zealand, or members of that group
* Māori language, the language of the Māori people of New Zealand
* Māori culture
* Cook Islanders, the Māori people of the C ...
, ''Hiruhārama''), is a settlement up the
Whanganui River
The Whanganui River is a major river in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the country's third-longest river, and has special status owing to its importance to the region's Māori people. In March 2017 it became the world's second natura ...
from
Whanganui
Whanganui (; ), also spelled Wanganui, is a city in the Manawatū-Whanganui region of New Zealand. The city is located on the west coast of the North Island at the mouth of the Whanganui River, New Zealand's longest navigable waterway. Whangan ...
,
New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
. Originally called Patiarero, it was one of the largest settlements on the Whanganui River in the 1840s, with several hundred
Ngāti Hau
Ngāti Hau are the Māori ''iwi'' (tribes) of the Whanganui River area in New Zealand.
There are two stories of where the name ''Ngāti Hau'' comes from. One is that it comes from Haupipi, who arrived in New Zealand on the '' Aotea'' canoe, afte ...
inhabitants of the
iwi
Iwi () are the largest social units in New Zealand Māori society. In Māori roughly means "people" or "nation", and is often translated as "tribe", or "a confederation of tribes". The word is both singular and plural in the Māori language, an ...
Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi.
Unlike other Whanganui River settlements given
transliterated
Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus '' trans-'' + '' liter-'') in predictable ways, such as Greek → , Cyrillic → , Greek → the digraph , Armenian → or ...
place names by Reverend
Richard Taylor in the 1850s, Jerusalem is usually referred to using the English version of its name.
It grew into several small settlements, including Roma (named for
Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
) and Peterehama (named for
Bethlehem
Bethlehem (; ar, بيت لحم ; he, בֵּית לֶחֶם '' '') is a city in the central West Bank, Palestine, about south of Jerusalem. Its population is approximately 25,000,Amara, 1999p. 18.Brynen, 2000p. 202. and it is the capital o ...
), founded by the remains of Taylor's congregation after the majority converted to Catholicism when a
Roman Catholic
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
mission was built in 1854.
Jerusalem was the isolated site where, in 1892,
Suzanne Aubert
Suzanne Aubert (19 June 1835 – 1 October 1926), better known to many by her cleric name Sister Mary Joseph or Mother Aubert, was a Catholic sister who started a home for orphans and the under-privileged in Jerusalem, New Zealand on the Whangan ...
(better known as Mother Mary Joseph) established the congregation of the
Sisters of Compassion. They became a highly respected charitable nursing/religious order.
A convent remains on the mission property, as well as the church which replaced the original building destroyed by fire in 1888, and Sisters of Compassion still care for them.
Wiremu Te Āwhitu
Wiremu Hākopa Toa Te Āwhitu (28 July 1914 – 29 July 1994) was the first Māori to be ordained a Roman Catholic priest. He was born at Ōkahukura, north of Taumarunui, in the central North Island, and was of Ngāti Hāuaroa (Ngāti Hāua) and N ...
was the priest at the church from 1968 to 1989.
New Zealand poet
James K. Baxter
James Keir Baxter (29 June 1926 – 22 October 1972) was a New Zealand poet and playwright. He was also known as an activist for the preservation of Māori culture. He is one of New Zealand's most well-known and controversial literary figures. H ...
and many of his followers formed a community at Jerusalem in 1970, which disbanded in 1972 after Baxter's death. Baxter is buried there.
There are two
Ngāti Hau
Ngāti Hau are the Māori ''iwi'' (tribes) of the Whanganui River area in New Zealand.
There are two stories of where the name ''Ngāti Hau'' comes from. One is that it comes from Haupipi, who arrived in New Zealand on the '' Aotea'' canoe, afte ...
marae
A ' (in New Zealand Māori, Cook Islands Māori, Tahitian), ' (in Tongan), ' (in Marquesan) or ' (in Samoan) is a communal or sacred place that serves religious and social purposes in Polynesian societies. In all these languages, the term a ...
grounds in Jerusalem:
Hiruhārama or Patiarero Marae and
Whiritaunoka meeting house, and
Peterehema Marae and
Upokotauaki meeting house.
Demographics
The statistical area of Upper Whanganui, which covers ,
and includes
Kaiwhaiki
Kaiwhaiki is a settlement upriver from Whanganui, New Zealand.
Kaiwhaiki in the 1840s was a small pā of a two to three dozen people. In Ronaldson's 1847 survey, the inhabitants were noted as being of the hapū Ngāti Rongomaitawhiri. In 1852 ...
,
Kakatahi
Kakatahi is a New Zealand town located from Wanganui, on State Highway 4 to Raetihi
Raetihi, a small town in the center of New Zealand's North Island, is located at the junction of State Highways 4 and 49 in the Manawatū-Whanganui region. ...
,
Koriniti
Koriniti is a settlement upriver from Whanganui, New Zealand, home to the Ngāti Pāmoana hapū of the iwi Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi.
The Māori settlement of Operiki was one of the larger on the Whanganui River, with a population of about ...
,
Mangamahu
Mangamahu is a hill-country farming and forestry community in the middle reaches of the Whangaehu River valley, in the Whanganui District and Rangitikei District of Manawatū-Whanganui, New Zealand. It is centred on the village of Mangamahu, which ...
,
Matahiwi
Matahiwi is a farming community upriver from Whanganui, New Zealand, home to the Māori hapū known as Ngā Poutama of the iwi Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi. The township takes its name from the bush-clad ''puke'' (hill) on the western side of th ...
,
Parikino
Parikino is a settlement upriver from Whanganui, New Zealand; the original pā site was across the Whanganui River.
Parikino was originally a fortified settlement established in 1845 as security against a possible raid by a Ngāti Tūwharetoa '' ...
,
Ranana
Ranana is a settlement up the Whanganui River from Whanganui, New Zealand.
Originally known as Kauika, it grew after 1848 as local Māori moved out of fortified pā settlements in peacetime. It was renamed by the missionary Richard Taylor in 18 ...
and
Upokongaro
Upokongaro or Ūpokongaro is a settlement upriver from Whanganui, New Zealand, in the Makirikiri Valley. Settled by Europeans in the 1860s, it was an important ferry crossing and riverboat stop. A spectacular discovery of moa bones was made in ...
, had a population of 1,155 at the
2018 New Zealand census
Eighteen or 18 may refer to:
* 18 (number), the natural number following 17 and preceding 19
* one of the years 18 BC, AD 18, 1918, 2018
Film, television and entertainment
* ''18'' (film), a 1993 Taiwanese experimental film based on the sho ...
, an increase of 3 people (0.3%) since the
2013 census, and a decrease of 60 people (-4.9%) since the
2006 census
6 (six) is the natural number following 5 and preceding 7. It is a composite number and the smallest perfect number.
In mathematics
Six is the smallest positive integer which is neither a square number nor a prime number; it is the second small ...
. There were 429 households. There were 597 males and 555 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.08 males per female. The median age was 42.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 246 people (21.3%) aged under 15 years, 189 (16.4%) aged 15 to 29, 540 (46.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 180 (15.6%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 73.2% European/Pākehā, 40.5% Māori, 2.9% Pacific peoples, 0.5% Asian, and 0.8% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).
The proportion of people born overseas was 6.5%, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people objected to giving their religion, 46.8% had no religion, 40.0% were Christian, 0.3% were Buddhist and 4.9% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 126 (13.9%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 198 (21.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $25,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 453 (49.8%) people were employed full-time, 171 (18.8%) were part-time, and 39 (4.3%) were unemployed.
Jerusalem Foundling Home
From 1891 the Jerusalem settlement took in some abandoned children from around New Zealand, the majority of whom had unmarried or widowed parents and were sometimes anonymously sent to the convent. In 1896 the Jerusalem Foundling Home was formally established.
Children of school age went to the settlement school run by the Sisters of Compassion, which was also attended by children from the local
marae
A ' (in New Zealand Māori, Cook Islands Māori, Tahitian), ' (in Tongan), ' (in Marquesan) or ' (in Samoan) is a communal or sacred place that serves religious and social purposes in Polynesian societies. In all these languages, the term a ...
. Unable to attain classification as an Industrial School (which would allow the Home to receive Government funding for the orphaned children), from 1891 to 1895 children were placed on the roll of Industrial Schools in
Nelson
Nelson may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Nelson'' (1918 film), a historical film directed by Maurice Elvey
* ''Nelson'' (1926 film), a historical film directed by Walter Summers
* ''Nelson'' (opera), an opera by Lennox Berkeley to a lib ...
and
Upper Hutt
Upper Hutt ( mi, Te Awa Kairangi ki Uta) is a city in the Wellington Region of New Zealand and one of the four cities that constitute the Wellington#Wellington metropolitan area, Wellington metropolitan area.
Geography
The Upper Hutt city cent ...
but remained at the convent.
From 1885 the Jerusalem settlement began taking in newborn babies. This came at a time when there was widespread publicity about and condemnation of
baby farming
Baby farming is the historical practice of accepting custody of an infant or child in exchange for payment in late- Victorian Britain and, less commonly, in Australia and the United States. If the infant was young, this usually included wet-nu ...
, in particular, the case of
Minnie Dean
As a first name, Minnie is a feminine given name. It can be a diminutive (hypocorism) of Minerva, Winifred, Wilhelmina, Hermione, Mary, Miriam, Maria, Marie, Naomi, Miranda, Clementine or Amelia. It may refer to:
People with the given name
* ...
. Against legislation and popular opinion at the time, Suzanne Aubert as leader of the Jerusalem Foundling Home believed firmly that the anonymity of parents was essential to ensuring the safety of both them and their children. The register of children kept at the Home did not publicly list the names of parents, although Aubert herself kept a private register with parental information in case parents wished to reconnect with their children later in life. However, this meant the Home was ineligible for state funding at the time, due to ignoring legislation which required registers to list the names of parents and submit these to Government inspection.
In 1898 an inquest took place into the death of seven babies at the Home, with doctors at the time concluding that the cause of death was either
measles
Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by measles virus. Symptoms usually develop 10–12 days after exposure to an infected person and last 7–10 days. Initial symptoms typically include fever, often greater than , cough, ...
or unsterilised cows milk. During this inquest, the Home was criticised for its secrecy around Government inspection.
Notable people
*
Suzanne Aubert
Suzanne Aubert (19 June 1835 – 1 October 1926), better known to many by her cleric name Sister Mary Joseph or Mother Aubert, was a Catholic sister who started a home for orphans and the under-privileged in Jerusalem, New Zealand on the Whangan ...
established a religious community at Jerusalem in 1892
*
Earl Bamber
Earl Anderson Bamber (born 9 July 1990) is a professional racing driver from New Zealand, currently competing as a factory driver for Porsche Motorsport in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship GTLM class.
He is the 2014 Porsche Supercup and ...
(born 1990), racing driver, learned to drive at Jerusalem
*
James K. Baxter
James Keir Baxter (29 June 1926 – 22 October 1972) was a New Zealand poet and playwright. He was also known as an activist for the preservation of Māori culture. He is one of New Zealand's most well-known and controversial literary figures. H ...
, poet and playwright, established a community at Jerusalem in 1970 (without his wife,
Jacquie Sturm
Jacqueline Cecilia Sturm (born Te Kare Papuni, also known as Jacquie Baxter; 17 May 1927 – 30 December 2009) was a New Zealand poet, short story writer and librarian. She was one of the first Māori women to complete an undergraduate universi ...
) and was later buried there
*
Wiremu Te Āwhitu
Wiremu Hākopa Toa Te Āwhitu (28 July 1914 – 29 July 1994) was the first Māori to be ordained a Roman Catholic priest. He was born at Ōkahukura, north of Taumarunui, in the central North Island, and was of Ngāti Hāuaroa (Ngāti Hāua) and N ...
(28 July 1914 – 29 July 1994), the first Māori to be ordained a Roman Catholic priest, lived at Jerusalem from 1968 till 1989
References
External links
Sisters of Compassion Jerusalem website
{{Whanganui
Populated places in Manawatū-Whanganui
Whanganui River
Settlements on the Whanganui River
Whanganui District