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{{unreferenced, date=January 2014 The Peruvian State, which is conceptually the Peruvian nation legally organized, is the entity that holds the government in the Republic of Peru. The state's structure is defined in the
Constitution of Peru The Constitution of Peru is the supreme law of Peru. The current constitution, enacted on 31 December 1993, is Peru's fifth in the 20th century and replaced the 1979 Constitution. The Constitution was drafted by the Democratic Constituent Congres ...
approved by referendum and promulgated in late 1993 and in force since January 1, 1994. ''Article No. 43'' "The Republic of Peru is democratic, social, independent and sovereign." "The State is one and indivisible." "The government is unitary, representative and decentralized, and is organized according to the principle of separation of powers."
Constitution of Peru The Constitution of Peru is the supreme law of Peru. The current constitution, enacted on 31 December 1993, is Peru's fifth in the 20th century and replaced the 1979 Constitution. The Constitution was drafted by the Democratic Constituent Congres ...
The Constitution states that the Republic of Peru is democratic, social, independent and sovereign. The government is unitary, representative and organized according to the principle of separation of powers is vested in a unitary state.


Structure


Central Government

It is formed by the executive, legislative, judicial branches and autonomous constitutional agencies.


Executive Branch

The Executive Branch is responsible for executing the government, enforcing laws and policies that the State promotes. It's formed by the office of the
President of Peru The president of Peru ( es, link=no, presidente del Perú), officially called the president of the Republic of Peru ( es, link=no, presidente de la República del Perú), is the head of state and head of government of Peru. The president is th ...
, the
Cabinet of Peru The Cabinet of Peru (also called the Presidential Cabinet of Peru or the Council of Ministers) is composed of all the Ministers of State. The cabinet is presided by the President of the Council of Ministers, a position likened to that of a prime ...
and the executive branch agencies. The President of the Republic, who is both
head of state A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona who officially embodies a state Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." in its unity and l ...
and
head of government The head of government is the highest or the second-highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, ...
, personifies the nation, the office of the President and Vice Presidents throughout the country. The
Cabinet of Peru The Cabinet of Peru (also called the Presidential Cabinet of Peru or the Council of Ministers) is composed of all the Ministers of State. The cabinet is presided by the President of the Council of Ministers, a position likened to that of a prime ...
, is composed by Ministers of State and chaired by the
Prime Minister of Peru The president of the Council of Ministers of Peru ( es, link=no, presidente del Consejo de Ministros del Perú), informally called Premier (form of address) or Prime Minister, is the head of the cabinet as the most senior member of the Council ...
.


=Ministries

= *
Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOLI) is a ministry in the Burmese government responsible for agriculture and irrigation. Until 8 August 1996, it was named the Ministry of Agriculture. In 2016, President Htin Kyaw composed it with t ...
* Ministry of Foreign Commerce and Tourism *
Ministry of Defense {{unsourced, date=February 2021 A ministry of defence or defense (see spelling differences), also known as a department of defence or defense, is an often-used name for the part of a government responsible for matters of defence, found in state ...
* Ministry of Economy and Finance *
Ministry of Education An education ministry is a national or subnational government agency politically responsible for education. Various other names are commonly used to identify such agencies, such as Ministry of Education, Department of Education, and Ministry of Pub ...
* Ministry of Energy and Mines *
Ministry of the Interior An interior ministry (sometimes called a ministry of internal affairs or ministry of home affairs) is a government department that is responsible for internal affairs. Lists of current ministries of internal affairs Named "ministry" * Ministr ...
* Ministry of Justice and Human Rights *
Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations The Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations ( es, Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables) of Peru is the government ministry in charge of national policy in favor of women and vulnerable populations. Its headquarters is located in Li ...
*
Ministry of Production The Ministry of Production was a British government department created in February 1942, initially under the title Ministry of War Production, but the following month "War" was dropped from the title. Its purpose was to fill a gap in the machinery ...
* Ministry of Foreign Relations * Ministry of Health *
Ministry of Labor and Promotion of Employment The Ministry of Labor and Promotion of Employment of Peru is the public institution responsible for matters of labor and promotion of employment. It develops the implementation of policies and programs to improve employment generation and seeks t ...
* Ministry of Transportation and Communications * Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation * Ministry of Environment *
Ministry of Culture Ministry of Culture may refer to: *Ministry of Tourism, Cultural Affairs, Youth and Sports (Albania) * Ministry of Culture (Algeria) *Ministry of Culture (Argentina) *Minister for the Arts (Australia) *Ministry of Culture (Azerbaijan) * Ministry of ...
* Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion


Legislative Branch

The Legislative Branch is vested in the
Congress of the Republic of Peru The Congress of the Republic of Peru ( es, Congreso de la República) is the unicameral body that assumes legislative power in Peru. Congress' composition is established by Chapter I of Title IV of the Constitution of Peru. Congress is compose ...
, consisting of a single chamber of 130 members elected by direct suffrage and multiple district in proportion to the population of each region (
Lima Region The Department of Lima () is a department and region located in the central coast of Peru, the ''seat of the Regional Government'' is Huacho. Lima Province, which contains the city of Lima, the country's capital, is located west of the Departm ...
has 32 congressmen,
Madre de Dios Region Madre de Dios (, en, Mother of God) is a department and region in southeastern Peru, bordering Brazil, Bolivia and the Peruvian departments of Puno, Cusco and Ucayali, in the Amazon Basin. Its capital is the city of Puerto Maldonado. It is als ...
have one). The Congress is renewed every five years. The start and end dates of a constitutional term are the same that apply to the presidential constitutional term.


Judicial Branch

The judicial function is performed by the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court of Peru, which has jurisdiction over the entire territory. It is the body responsible for administering justice. The second hierarchical level is formed by the Superior Courts with jurisdiction over an entire Judicial District. The third level is formed by the Courts of First Instance whose competence is about provincial. Finally, the Justices of the Peace, with district competition.


Autonomous Constitutional Agencies

The Constitution, to safeguard the rule of law and greater efficiency in the execution of some tasks, has created some autonomous agencies, which do not depend on any of the branches of government: *
National Jury of Elections The National Jury of Elections (''Jurado Nacional de Elecciones'', JNE) of Peru is an autonomous constitutional organ, headquartered in Lima. Its goal is to oversee the legality of electoral processes, guaranteeing the respect for the population' ...
*
National Office of Electoral Processes The National Office of Electoral Processes (''Oficina Nacional de Procesos Electorales'', ONPE) is the body in charge of organizing elections in Peru. Created in 1993, during the government of Alberto Fujimori, it is headquartered in the Lima Dis ...
*
National Registry of Identification and Civil Status The National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (''Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil'', RENIEC) is an autonomous constitutional body of the State of Peru. Its role is to maintain the records of births, marriages, divorce ...
* Constitutional Tribunal of Peru * Public Ministry * National Board of Justice *
Central Reserve Bank of Peru The Central Reserve Bank of Peru ( es, Banco Central de Reserva del Perú; BCRP) is the Peruvian central bank. It mints and issues metal and paper money, the sol. Its branch in Arequipa was established in 1871, and it served the city by issuing ...
* Comptroller General of the Republic of Peru * Public Defender * Superintendency of Banking and Insurance of Peru


Regional Governments

The regional level, as stated in the constitution, corresponds to the regions and departments. Currently, the country has no regions and each department is expected to join some (I) other (s) to form regions. The administration of each region is managed by a body called the Regional Government, consisting of a regional council, a presidency regional and regional Coordinating Council. Although there is currently no region RBCs have settled at the departmental level to lead the process of regionalization. Peru is a highly centralized country. Thus, in 2003 the central government concentrated 86% of revenue compared to 65% of the countries in the region and 54% in developed countries, public spending of subnational governments was 12% compared to total expenditure, while in the countries of Latin America is 35%, and in most developed countries is 43%. Lima accounts for about 86% of tax revenues. PAGE 24: http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=917346 decentralization Early efforts began in 1985, when 12 regions were created: the process was not successful due to the conflicts in the political influence and the distribution of the budget, transfer of skills disorganized, inconsistency with the tax system, and the system of choice it was for regional assemblies. In 1992 suspended the process and replaced by decentralized administration of the central government called CTAR-Transitory Councils of Regional Administration, in every department, and was accentuated centralism. In 2001, the decentralization process is revitalized with a broad consensus. The organizing principles of the law are: you create regional governments based on historical departments, providing incentives for voluntary merger, clearly defined responsibilities, there is a neutrality and fiscal responsibility is gradually transferred services, no transparency in the process.


Local Governments

The local level, as stated in the constitution, are the provinces, districts and towns. These districts are administered by municipalities, consisting of a Mayor and City Council, which in turn directs the municipal companies. Politics of Peru