''Perseus'' (russian: Персей) was the first
Soviet
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
research ship. (It was not the first Russian research ship, that being the
Imperial Russian
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. The ...
ship ''
Saint Andrew
Andrew the Apostle ( grc-koi, Ἀνδρέᾱς, Andréās ; la, Andrēās ; , syc, ܐܰܢܕ݁ܪܶܐܘܳܣ, ʾAnd’reʾwās), also called Saint Andrew, was an apostle of Jesus according to the New Testament. He is the brother of Simon Peter ...
'', which undertook expeditions under the direction of fisheries research pioneer
Nikolai Knipovich (and later L. L. Breytfus) from 1899 to 1907.)
''Perseus'' was constructed as a sealer (
seal hunting
Seal hunting, or sealing, is the personal or commercial hunting of seals. Seal hunting is currently practiced in ten countries: United States (above the Arctic Circle in Alaska), Canada, Namibia, Denmark (in self-governing Greenland only), Ice ...
ship) by industrialist E. V. Mogučim at
Onega, Russia
Onega (russian: Оне́га) is a town in the northwest of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, situated at the mouth of the Onega River, a few kilometers from the shore of the Onega Bay of the White Sea. Population:
History
The Pomor village of Ust- ...
on the
White Sea
The White Sea (russian: Белое море, ''Béloye móre''; Karelian and fi, Vienanmeri, lit. Dvina Sea; yrk, Сэрако ямʼ, ''Serako yam'') is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia. It is su ...
in 1916. In 1919 (political conditions and thus ownership having changed) it was towed to
Archangel
Archangels () are the second lowest rank of angel in the hierarchy of angels. The word ''archangel'' itself is usually associated with the Abrahamic religions, but beings that are very similar to archangels are found in a number of other relig ...
where on January 10 of 1922 the
Council of Labor and Defense The Council of Labor and Defense (Russian: Совет труда и обороны (СТО) Sovet Truda i Oborony, Latin acronym: STO), first established as the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense in November 1918, was an agency responsible fo ...
transferred it to PINRO (russian: ПИНРО), the
, which equipped it as a research vessel under supervision of the ship's master V. F. Gostev and the first director of the Institute,
Ivan Illarionovich Mesjacev. The work was done by shipbuilders and future famous scientists
Lev Zenkevich,
Vasily Shuleikin,
Maria Klenova
Maria Vasilyevna Klenova (or Klyonova) (russian: Мари́я Васи́льевна Клёнова; 12 August 1898 – 6 August 1976) was a Russian and Soviet marine geologist and one of the founders of Russian marine science and contributor to ...
, and
Nikolay Zubov Nikolay Zubov may refer to:
* Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov (1763-1805), Russian nobleman
* Nikolay Nikolaevich Zubov (1885-1960), Russian naval officer and oceanographer
* Nikolay Zubov (icebreaker), see Project 23550 patrol ship
{{hndis, Zubov, ...
(who later became a
Rear Admiral
Rear admiral is a senior naval flag officer rank, equivalent to a major general and air vice marshal and above that of a commodore and captain, but below that of a vice admiral. It is regarded as a two star "admiral" rank. It is often regarde ...
), all of whom later participated in voyages on ''Perseus''.
On November 7, 1922, the national flag of the
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
was raised at the stern of ''Perseus'', and on February 1, 1923 the vessel's unique flag – a blue pennant with the seven stars of the
Perseus constellation
Perseus is a constellation in the northern sky, being named after the Greek mythological hero Perseus. It is one of the 48 ancient constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and among the 88 modern constellations defined by t ...
– was first flown from the mast. (Since then, this pennant has become the emblem of PINRO.) On 19 August 1923, ''Perseus'' began its first scientific voyage.
Over the years of its voyages, ''Perseus'' undertook many expeditions (between 80 and 99, according to various estimates) in the northern seas – the
Barents Sea
The Barents Sea ( , also ; no, Barentshavet, ; russian: Баренцево море, Barentsevo More) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territo ...
,
Greenland
Greenland ( kl, Kalaallit Nunaat, ; da, Grønland, ) is an island country in North America that is part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland is t ...
, the
Kara Sea
The Kara Sea (russian: Ка́рское мо́ре, ''Karskoye more'') is a marginal sea, separated from the Barents Sea to the west by the Kara Strait and Novaya Zemlya, and from the Laptev Sea to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. ...
, and the coasts of
Novaya Zemlya
Novaya Zemlya (, also , ; rus, Но́вая Земля́, p=ˈnovəjə zʲɪmˈlʲa, ) is an archipelago in northern Russia. It is situated in the Arctic Ocean, in the extreme northeast of Europe, with Cape Flissingsky, on the northern island, ...
,
Franz Josef Land
, native_name =
, image_name = Map of Franz Josef Land-en.svg
, image_caption = Map of Franz Josef Land
, image_size =
, map_image = Franz Josef Land location-en.svg
, map_caption = Location of Franz Josef ...
,
Jan Mayen
Jan Mayen () is a Norwegian volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean with no permanent population. It is long (southwest-northeast) and in area, partly covered by glaciers (an area of around the Beerenberg volcano). It has two parts: larger nort ...
, and
Svalbard
Svalbard ( , ), also known as Spitsbergen, or Spitzbergen, is a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. North of mainland Europe, it is about midway between the northern coast of Norway and the North Pole. The islands of the group range ...
. It took part in the international search for the airship ''
Italia
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
'' of
Umberto Nobile
Umberto Nobile (; 21 January 1885 – 30 July 1978) was an Italian aviator, aeronautical engineer and Arctic explorer.
Nobile was a developer and promoter of semi-rigid airships in the years between the two World Wars. He is primarily remembe ...
's ill-fated second North Pole expedition. The ship conducted hydrological, scientific, and commercial research, including programs of the second
International Polar Year
The International Polar Years (IPY) are collaborative, international efforts with intensive research focus on the polar regions. Karl Weyprecht, an Austro-Hungarian naval officer, motivated the endeavor in 1875, but died before it first occurred i ...
(1932-1933). Through its study of the arms of the
Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans. It spans an area of approximately and is known as the coldest of all the oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, a ...
, ''Perseus'' led the way for later Soviet expeditions to all the world's oceans.
On July 10, 1941 (during the opening weeks of
the Russian Campaign
''The Russian Campaign'' is a strategic board wargame published by Jedko Games in 1974 that simulates combat on the Eastern Front during World War II. Avalon Hill later bought the game and produced several editions.
The unit scale is German ...
of World War II (called, in Russia, the
Great Patriotic War
The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers against the Soviet Union (USSR), Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe (Baltics), and Sout ...
)), the
Luftwaffe
The ''Luftwaffe'' () was the aerial-warfare branch of the German ''Wehrmacht'' before and during World War II. Germany's military air arms during World War I, the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' of the Imperial Army and the '' Marine-Fliegerabtei ...
sank ''Perseus'' in
Motovsky Gulf, in shallow water just south of the
Rybachy Peninsula
Rybachy Peninsula (russian: полуо́стров Рыба́чий, ''poluostrov Rybachiy''; se, Giehkirnjárga; no, Fiskerhalvøya; fi, Kalastajasaarento) is the northernmost part of continental European Russia. Its name is translated as " ...
, while she carried supplies to the garrisons there.
[
Soviet scientist ]Sergei Obruchev
Sergius is a male given name of Ancient Roman origin after the name of the Latin ''gens'' Sergia or Sergii of regal and republican ages. It is a common Christian name, in honor of Saint Sergius, or in Russia, of Saint Sergius of Radonezh, and h ...
(son of Vladimir Obruchev
Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev (russian: Влади́мир Афана́сьевич О́бручев; , Klepenino near Rzhev, Tver Oblast, Russian Empire – June 19, 1956, Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Моск ...
) wrote a hymn "Perseus" which contains this quatrain:
A memorial stele
A stele ( ),Anglicized plural steles ( ); Greek plural stelai ( ), from Greek , ''stēlē''. The Greek plural is written , ''stēlai'', but this is only rarely encountered in English. or occasionally stela (plural ''stelas'' or ''stelæ''), whe ...
was erected to ''Perseus'' in the town of Onega in 1979.
Later vessels were named in ''Perseus''s honor.[ ''Perseus 2'' was a converted minesweeper (built in 1944) received as German war reparations. After 176 voyages (mainly in the Barents Sea), that introduced many new technologies and greatly advanced Soviet fishery science, it was retired in 1967. In 1969 a much larger purpose-built research ship, ''Perseus III'', began service with PINRO. ''Perseus III'' was transferred from PINRO to Vega (an R&D organization supporting Russian fisheries) in 1991 and decommissioned in 2007.][
]
References
{{reflist, refs=
[{{cite web , url=http://www.pinro.ru/15/index.php/en/news/1-newspinro/1416--55-l-1r-45-l-2r , title=ПОДВОДНЫЕ ОБИТАЕМЫЕ АППАРАТЫ В ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ ПИНРО , trans-title=Manned Submersibles in PINRO Research , author=T. E. Pashkov , date=July 14, 2014 , work=PINRO website , accessdate=February 2, 2016 {{in lang, ru]
[{{cite web , url=http://www.pinro.ru/15/index.php/en/news/1-newspinro/1408-70-1941-1945- , title=70-летию Великой Победы посвящается. РЫБОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННАЯ НАУКА ЗАПОЛЯРЬЯ В ГОДЫ ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЫ – 1941-1945 гг. , trans-title=70th Anniversary of the Great Victory – Fisheries Research of Murmansk in the Great Patriotic War , author=T. E. Pashkov , date=July 14, 2014 , work=PINRO website , accessdate=February 2, 2016 {{in lang, ru]
[{{cite web , url=http://www.pinro.ru/15/index.php/en/news/1-newspinro/1236-musey , title=Две даты - два юбилея: 65 лет со дня начала первого рейса НИС «Персей-2» и 45 лет со дня начала рейса НИС «Персей III» , trans-title=Two Dates – Two Anniversaries: 65 years Since the Beginning of the First Voyage of the R]search
Searching or search may refer to:
Computing technology
* Search algorithm, including keyword search
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* Search engine technology, software for findi ...
V ssel"Perseus-2" and the 45th Anniversary of the Beginning of the Voyages of the RV "Perseus III" , author=T. E. Pashkov , date=April 8, 2014 , work=PINRO website , accessdate=February 2, 2016 {{in lang, ru
Ships built in Russia
Research vessels of the Soviet Union
Arctic research
1922 ships
Ships sunk by German aircraft