![Permopsocida](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Permopsocida.jpg)
Permopsocida is an extinct order of insects known from the Early Permian to the Mid-Cretaceous. It is part of
Paraneoptera
Paraneoptera or Acercaria is a superorder of insects which includes lice ( bark lice and true lice), thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs. It also includes the extinct order Permopsocida, known from fossils dating from the Early Permian to t ...
, alongside
bark lice (including
lice
Louse ( : lice) is the common name for any member of the clade Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects. Phthiraptera has variously been recognized as an order, infraorder, or a parvorder, as a result o ...
),
bugs and
thrips
Thrips ( order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are ...
. Within
Paraneoptera
Paraneoptera or Acercaria is a superorder of insects which includes lice ( bark lice and true lice), thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs. It also includes the extinct order Permopsocida, known from fossils dating from the Early Permian to t ...
it is considered to be closer to the clade containing bugs and thrips rather than bark lice, with an estimated divergence during the Late Carboniferous. The group was first named as a suborder by
Robert John Tillyard
Robert "Robin" John Tillyard FRS (31 January 1881 – 13 January 1937) was an English–Australian entomologist and geologist.
Early life and education
Tillyard was the son of J. J. Tillyard and his wife Mary Ann Frances, née Wilson and was ...
in 1926, and was raised to a full order by Huang et al. in 2016.
It is currently divided up into three families, Psocidiidae which is known from the Permian to Liassic. Permopsocidae which is only known from the Permian, and Archipsyllidae, which is known from the Late Triassic
to mid-Cretaceous (
Cenomanian
The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous Series. An age is a unit of geochronology; it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the s ...
). While most members of the group are known from compression fossils, several members of Archipsyllidae are 3 dimensionally preserved in
Burmese amber
Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. The ...
, which has helped clarify the morphology and
phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
position of the group.
The morphology of the mouthparts suggests that they were capable of suction feeding and chewing, with preserved angiosperm pollen grains in the gut of ''
Psocorrhyncha'' suggesting that at least some members of the group were pollenivorous.
Taxonomy
From Huang et al 2016 and subsequent literature
* †Psocidiidae
Tillyard, 1926
** †''
Dichentomum''
Tillyard, 1926 Bursum Formation
The Bursum Formation is a geologic formation in New Mexico.[Asselian
In the geologic timescale, the Asselian is the earliest geochronologic age or lowermost chronostratigraphic stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Asselian lasted between and million years ago (Ma). It ...]
)
Wellington Formation
The Wellington Formation is an Cisuralian, Early Permian geologic Formation (geology), formation in Kansas and Oklahoma. The formation's Strataca, Hutchinson Salt Member is more recognized by the community than the formation itself, and the salt ...
, Kansas, Oklahoma, Early Permian (
Artinskian
In the geologic timescale, the Artinskian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Artinskian likely lasted between and million years ago (Ma) according to the most recent revision of the ...
)
Koshelevka Formation
Koshelevka (russian: Кошелевка) is a rural locality
In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Ag ...
, Russia, Early Permian (
Kungurian
In the geologic timescale, the Kungurian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Kungurian lasted between and million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Artin ...
),
** †''
Hypopsylla''
Prokop, Garrouste & Nel, 2016 Croudace Bay Formation, Australia, Late Permian (
Changhsingian
In the geologic time scale, the Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian Epoch or Series. The Changhsingian lasted from to 251.902 mill ...
)
** †''
Liassopsocus''
Ansorge, 1996 "
Green Series", Germany, Early Jurassic (
Toarcian
The Toarcian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, an age and stage in the Early or Lower Jurassic. It spans the time between 182.7 Ma (million years ago) and 174.1 Ma. It follows the Pliensbachian and is followed by the Aalenian.
The Toarcian ...
)
** †''
Austropsocidium''
Tillyard 1935 Croudace Bay Formation, Australia, Changhsingian
** †''
Stenopsocidium''
Tillyard 1935 Croudace Bay Formation, Australia, Changhsingian
* †Permopsocidae
Tillyard, 1926
** †''
Permopsocus''
Tillyard, 1926 Wellington Formation, Kansas, Artinskian
** †''
Lithopsocidium''
Carpenter 1932 Wellington Formation, Kansas, Artinskian
** †''
Orthopsocus''
Carpenter 1932 Wellington Formation, Kansas, Artinskian
** †''
Progonopsocus''
Tillyard 1926 Wellington Formation, Kansas, Artinskian
* †Archipsyllidae
Handlirsch, 1906
** †''
Eopsylla''
Vishnyakova 1976 Iva-Gora Beds Formation, Russia, Middle Permian (
Roadian
In the geologic timescale, the Roadian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the earliest or lower of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian Epoch or Series. The Roadian lasted between and million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Kung ...
)
** †''
Archipsylla''
Handlirsch, 1908 "Green Series", Germany, Toarcian
Daohugou
The Haifanggou Formation (), also known as the Jiulongshan Formation (), is a fossil-bearing rock deposit located near Daohugou () village of Ningcheng County, in Inner Mongolia, northeastern China.
The formation consists of coarse conglomerates ...
, China, Middle Jurassic (
Callovian
In the geologic timescale, the Callovian is an age and stage in the Middle Jurassic, lasting between 166.1 ± 4.0 Ma (million years ago) and 163.5 ± 4.0 Ma. It is the last stage of the Middle Jurassic, following the Bathonian and preceding the ...
),
Karabastau Formation
The Karabastau Formation ( kk, Qarabastaý svıtasy) is a geological formation and lagerstätte in the Karatau Mountains of southern Kazakhstan whose strata date to the Middle to Late Jurassic. It is an important locality for insect fossils that ...
, Kazakhstan, Late Jurassic
** †''
Archipsyllodes''
Vishniakova, 1976 Zaza Formation
The Zaza Formation is a geological formation located in Buryatia (Russia). It dates to the Lower Cretaceous period. It is Aptian in age and consists of Sandstone, sandstones, Siltstone, siltstones, Marl, marls and bituminous Shale, shales, deposi ...
, Russia, Early Cretaceous (
Aptian
The Aptian is an age in the geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is a subdivision of the Early or Lower Cretaceous Epoch or Series and encompasses the time from 121.4 ± 1.0 Ma to 113.0 ± 1.0 Ma (million years ago), a ...
)
** †''
Archipsyllopsis''
Vishniakova, 1976 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
** †''
Bittacopsocus''
Beutel et al. 2019 Burmese amber
Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. The ...
, Myanmar, mid Cretaceous (latest
Albian
The Albian is both an age of the geologic timescale and a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest or uppermost subdivision of the Early/Lower Cretaceous Epoch/Series. Its approximate time range is 113.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 100.5 ± 0.9 M ...
-earliest
Cenomanian
The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous Series. An age is a unit of geochronology; it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the s ...
)
** †''
Burmopsylla''
Liang, Zhang & Liu, 2016 Burmese amber, Myanmar
** †''
Dinmopsylla''
Lambkin, 2018 Blackstone Formation, Australia, Late Triassic (
Norian
The Norian is a division of the Triassic Period. It has the rank of an age (geochronology) or stage (chronostratigraphy). It lasted from ~227 to million years ago. It was preceded by the Carnian and succeeded by the Rhaetian.
Stratigraphic defi ...
)
** †''
Mydiognathus''
Yoshizawa & Lienhard, 2016 Burmese amber, Myanmar
** †''
Psocorrhyncha''
Huang et al. 2016 Burmese amber, Myanmar
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q27096119
Extinct insect orders
Paraneoptera