Perkerdansk, Immigrant Danish or Gadedansk is a multi-ethnolect spoken in

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark ...

, a variety of

Danish Danish may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark People * A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane," see Demographics of Denmark * Culture of Denmark * Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish a ...

associated primarily with youth of Middle Eastern ethnic background. It is a contact variety that includes features of Danish as well as Arabic, Turkish, English and other immigrant languages. Particularly common in urban areas with high densities of immigrant populations, its features have also spread to general youth language in Denmark. The following is an example of Danish spoken by two youth in Copenhagen. Speaker A speaks Berber as a first language and speaker B's first language is Kurdish. Nonetheless, their Danish includes elements of Arabic (''

wallah , or or ( fem.), is a suffix used in a number of Indo-Aryan languages, like Hindi/Urdu, Gujarati, Bengali or Marathi. It forms an adjectival compound from a noun or an agent noun from a verb. For example, it may indicate a person involved i ...

'' "I swear") and Turkish (''kız'' "girl", ''para'' "money"), and English (''I got'' "I have", -s plural ending on the Turkish word ''para''). :A: ''wallah'' jeg siger min storebror han skylder mig 700 kroner jeg skal have 350 i dag og 350 om to uger. ''I got paras''. Skal du til den der fest på fredag. ::"''Wallah'' I say my older brother he owes me 700 crowns I am getting 350 today and 350 in two weeks. I got ''paras''. Are you going to that party on Friday?" :B: mm.. :A: ''wallah'' man jeg siger dig efter den der tur jeg tænker bare på fest og ''kız''. ::"''Wallah'' man I tell you after that trip I think only about party and ''kız''" Other non-standard features are grammatical, such as the simplification of

grammatical gender In linguistics, grammatical gender system is a specific form of noun class system, where nouns are assigned with gender categories that are often not related to their real-world qualities. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns ...

system, and syntactical, such as lack of word order inversion in subordinate clauses ("når man er i puberteten, man tænker mere") and after initial sentence adverb ("normalt man går på ungdomsskolen"); Standard Danish is a V2 language, with an exception for subordinate clauses. Phonetic features include the loss of

stød Stød (, also occasionally spelled stod in English) is a suprasegmental unit of Danish phonology (represented in non-standard IPA as ), which in its most common form is a kind of creaky voice (laryngealization), but it may also be realized as a g ...

in some words and an isochronic shift from being stress-timed to syllable-timed. The Danish poet Yahya Hassan made creative use of elements of immigrant Danish in his work.Barding et al. 2015

Notes

Bibliography

*Quist, P. (2012). Skandinavisk i kontakt med indvandrersprog. Sprog i Norden, 43(1). *Nortier, J., & Dorleijn, M. (2013). Multi-ethnolects: Kebabnorsk, Perkerdansk, Verlan, Kanakensprache, Straattaal, etc. in Bakker, P., & Matras, Y. (Eds.). (2013). Contact languages: a comprehensive guide (Vol. 6). Walter de Gruyter. *Jørgensen, J. N. (2000). Perkerdansk-lovende perspektiver for det danske sprog. Dansk pædagogisk tidsskrift, (3), 8-15. *Quist, P. (2006). Perkerdansk og Rinkebysvensk. Kronik i Information 3. marts 2006. *Cheshire, J., Nortier, J., & Adger, D. (2015). Emerging multiethnolects in Europ

*Quist, Pia 2008 Sociolinguistic approaches to multiethnolect: Language variety and stylistic practice. International Journal of Bilingualism 12, 1-2: 43–62. * Quist, Pia and Janus Møller 2003 Research on youth language in Denmark. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 159: 45–55. *Quist, Pia 2000: Ny københavnsk 'multietnolekt'. Om sprogbrug blandt unge i sprogligt og kulturelt heterogene miljøer. Danske Talesprog. Bind 1. Institut for Dansk Dialektforskning. København: C.A. Reitzels Forlag. 143-212 *Christensen, Mette Vedsgaard 2004: Arabiske ord i dansk hos unge i multietniske områder i Århus. I Dabelsteen & Arnfast (red.): Taler de dansk? Aktuel forskning i dansk som andetsprog. Københavnerstudier i tosprogethed, bind 37. Københavns Universitet. *Barding, Antonia, Kristina Maria Danielsen Eliasen, Marlene Kjærgaard Bjørn, Anja Falkner Matthiassen, Signe Elvstrøm, and Nathalia Barat. 2015, "Yahya Hassan-ironi og multietnolekt." BA thesis, Roskilde University Cente

{{Danish language, state=expanded Danish language Danish dialects Languages of Denmark Immigration to Denmark Languages attested from the 20th century

See also

Notes

Bibliography