''Peristedion'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of marine

ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or hor ...

belonging to the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Peristediidae Peristediidae, the armored sea robins or armoured gurnards, is a family of ray-finned fishes belonging to the suborder Platycephaloidei in the order Scorpaeniformes. They are found in the deep water in the tropical and warm temperate of the wor ...

, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. These fishes are found in

Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe an ...

and Indo-West Pacific ocean waters.

Taxonomy

Peristedion was first described as a genus in 1801 by the French naturalist

Bernard Germain de Lacépède Bernard-Germain-Étienne de La Ville-sur-Illon, comte de Lacépède or La Cépède (; 26 December 17566 October 1825) was a French naturalist and an active freemason. He is known for his contribution to the Comte de Buffon's great work, the ...

when he described ''Peristedion marmalat'' from the Mediterranean Sea and the Moluccas. In 1826

Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent Jean-Baptiste Geneviève Marcellin Bory de Saint-Vincent was a French naturalist, officer and politician. He was born on 6 July 1778 in Agen (Lot-et-Garonne) and died on 22 December 1846 in Paris. Biologist and geographer, he was particularly in ...

designated ''P. marmalat'' as the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

of the genus. ''P. marmalat'' is now treated as a

junior synonym The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. * In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linna ...

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

's ''Trigla cataphracta'', which he described from the Mediterranean Sea off southern France. Within the family Peristediidae there are 2 clades, this genus is in a

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

while the other clade is made up of the remaining 5 genera of the Peristediidae. The name of the genus ''Peristedion'' is a combination of ''peri'', meaning "around", and ''stedion'', which is a diminutive of ''stethos'', which is Greek for "breast" or "chest", an allusion to the bony plates lining the underside of the body, similar to a plastron, the feature Lacépède use to distinguish ''Peristidion'' from ''

Trigla The piper gurnard (''Trigla lyra''), also known as the piper or the lyre gurnard, is a species of marine, demersal ray-finned fish from the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterran ...

''.

Species

''Peristedion'' currently contains 24 recognized species: * ''

Peristedion altipinne ''Peristedion'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. These fishes are found in Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific ocean waters. Taxonomy Peristedion was first des ...

Regan The family name Regan, along with its cognates O'Regan, O Regan, Reagan, and O'Reagan, is an Anglicized form of the Irish surname Ó Riagáin or Ó Ríogáin, from Ua Riagáin. The meaning is likely to have originated in ancient Gaelic ''ri'' ...

, 1903 * ''

Peristedion amblygenys ''Peristedion'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. These fishes are found in Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific ocean waters. Taxonomy Peristedion was first des ...

'' Fowler, 1938 Ono, M. & Kawai, T. (2014)
Review of Armored Searobins of the Genus ''Peristedion''(Teleostei: Peristediidae) in Japanese Waters.
''Species Diversity, 19 (2): 117–131.'' * ''

Peristedion antillarum ''Peristedion'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. These fishes are found in Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific ocean waters. Taxonomy Peristedion was first des ...

'' Teague, 1961 (Long-nose armoured searobin) * '' Peristedion barbiger''

Garman Garman is a surname or first name. Notable people with the name include: Sports * Ann Garman, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player * Judi Garman (born 1954), American softball coach * Mike Garman (born 1949), American baseball pla ...

, 1899 * '' Peristedion brevirostre'' ( Günther, 1860) (Flat-head searobin) * ''

Peristedion cataphractum ''Peristedion cataphractum'', the African armoured gurnard, the mailed gurnard or armed gurnard, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. It is found in the easter ...

'' ( Linnaeus, 1758) (African armoured searobin) * '' Peristedion crustosum'' Garman, 1899 * '' Peristedion ecuadorense'' Teague, 1961 * '' Peristedion gracile''

Goode Goode ( or , depending on family) is a surname. Notable people Notable people with the surname include: * Alex Goode (Born 1988), British rugby union player * Alexander D. Goode (1911-1943), US Army chaplain * Andy Goode (born 1980), British ru ...

& T. H. Bean, 1896 (Slender searobin) * ''

Peristedion greyae ''Peristedion greyae'', the alligator searobin, alligator armored searobin or prickly armoured sea robin, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. It is found in th ...

'' G. C. Miller, 1967 * '' Peristedion imberbe'' Poey, 1861 * '' Peristedion liorhynchus'' (Günther, 1872) * '' Peristedion longicornutum'' Fricke, Kawai,

Yato Yato is a surname. Notable people with the name include: *Peceli Yato (born 1993), Fijian rugby player *Tamotsu Yato (1928(?)–1973), Japanese photographer and occasional actor See also *Yato Dharma Tato Jaya Yato Dharmastato Jayah ( sa, यत� ...

& Motomura, 2017 (Longhorn armored gurnard) * '' Peristedion longispatha'' Goode & T. H. Bean] 1886 * '' Peristedion miniatum'' Goode, 1880 (Armoured searobin) * '' Peristedion nesium'' W. A. Bussing, 2010 * '' Peristedion orientale''

Temminck Coenraad Jacob Temminck (; 31 March 1778 – 30 January 1858) was a Dutch aristocrat, zoologist and museum director. Biography Coenraad Jacob Temminck was born on 31 March 1778 in Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic. From his father, Jacob Temminck ...

& Schlegel, 1843 * ''

Peristedion paucibarbiger ''Peristedion'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family (biology), family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. These fishes are found in Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific ocean waters. T ...

'' Castro-Aguirre & García-Domínguez, 1984 * '' Peristedion richardsi'' Kawai, 2016 Kawai, T. (2016): ''Peristedion richardsi'' sp. nov. (Actinopterygii: Teleostei: Peristediidae) from Indonesian waters, with synonymy between ''Peristedion riversandersoni'' Alcock, 1894 and ''Peristedion nierstraszi'' Weber, 1913. ''Zootaxa, 4171 (2): 335–346.'' * '' Peristedion riversandersoni'' Alcock, 1894 * '' Peristedion thompsoni'' Fowler, 1952 (Rim-spine searobin) * '' Peristedion truncatum'' (Günther, 1880) (Black armoured searobin) * '' Peristedion unicuspis'' G. C. Miller, 1967 * ''

Peristedion weberi ''Peristedion'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. These fishes are found in Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific ocean waters. Taxonomy Peristedion was first des ...

J. L. B. Smith James Leonard Brierley Smith (26 September 1897 – 8 January 1968) was a South African ichthyologist, organic chemist, and university professor. He was the first to identify a taxidermied fish as a coelacanth, at the time thought to be long ex ...

, 1934

Characteristics

''Peristedion'' armoured gurnards have a ventrally flattened head and body which is protected by a bony armour of plates and spines. There is a two pointed rostral projection on the snout and there are barbels under the lower jaw. They do not have robust spines on the

preoperculum This glossary of ichthyology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in ichthyology, the study of fishes. A B C ...

. The first

dorsal fin A dorsal fin is a fin located on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates within various taxa of the animal kingdom. Many species of animals possessing dorsal fins are not particularly closely related to each other, though through conv ...

has 7 or 8 spines, the second dorsal fin has between 18 and 20 soft rays while the

anal fin Fins are distinctive anatomical features composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish. They are covered with skin and joined together either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as se ...

has between 20 and 23 soft rays. There are between 11 and 13 fin rays enclsoed within the membrane of the pectotal fin plus the two lowermost rays being separate. The

pelvic fin Pelvic fins or ventral fins are paired fins located on the ventral surface of fish. The paired pelvic fins are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods. Structure and function Structure In actinopterygians, the pelvic fin consists of two en ...

s are wdely spaced and are located under the base of the pectoral fins and have 1 spine and 5 soft rays. The smnallest species in the genus is '' P. paucibarbiger'', which has a maximum published

standard length Fish measurement is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of their anatomies. These data are used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fisheries biology. Overall length * Standard length (SL) is the length of a fish m ...

of the largest are the African armoured sea robin ('' P. cataphractum'') and the armoured gurnard ('' P. liorhynchus'') both of which have maximum published standaard lengths of .

Diistribution

''Peristedion'' armoured gurnards occur on either sides of the Atlantic Oceran, in the Mediterranean Sea, in the

Indo-West-Pacific The Indo-Pacific is a vast biogeographic region of Earth. In a narrow sense, sometimes known as the Indo-West Pacific or Indo-Pacific Asia, it comprises the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the ...

and eastern Pacific Ocean.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1951787 Fish of the Atlantic Ocean Fish of the Pacific Ocean Peristediidae Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède