In computing, autonomous peripheral operation is a hardware feature found in some
microcontroller
A microcontroller (MCU for ''microcontroller unit'', often also MC, UC, or μC) is a small computer on a single VLSI integrated circuit (IC) chip. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable i ...
architectures to off-load certain tasks into embedded autonomous peripherals in order to minimize
latencies and improve
throughput
Network throughput (or just throughput, when in context) refers to the rate of message delivery over a communication channel, such as Ethernet or packet radio, in a communication network. The data that these messages contain may be delivered ov ...
in
hard real-time
Real-time computing (RTC) is the computer science term for hardware and software systems subject to a "real-time constraint", for example from event to system response. Real-time programs must guarantee response within specified time constrai ...
applications as well as to save energy in
ultra-low-power designs.
Overview
Forms of autonomous peripherals in microcontrollers were first introduced in the 1990s. Allowing embedded
peripheral
A peripheral or peripheral device is an auxiliary device used to put information into and get information out of a computer. The term ''peripheral device'' refers to all hardware components that are attached to a computer and are controlled by the ...
s to work independently of the
CPU and even interact with each other in certain pre-configurable ways off-loads event-driven communication into the peripherals to help improve the
real-time
Real-time or real time describes various operations in computing or other processes that must guarantee response times within a specified time (deadline), usually a relatively short time. A real-time process is generally one that happens in defined ...
performance due to lower
latency and allows for potentially higher data
throughput
Network throughput (or just throughput, when in context) refers to the rate of message delivery over a communication channel, such as Ethernet or packet radio, in a communication network. The data that these messages contain may be delivered ov ...
due to the added parallelism. Since 2009, the scheme has been improved in newer implementations to continue functioning in
sleep mode
Sleep mode (or suspend to RAM) is a low power mode for electronic devices such as computers, televisions, and remote controlled devices. These modes save significantly on electrical consumption compared to leaving a device fully on and, upon resu ...
s as well, thereby allowing the CPU (and other unaffected peripheral blocks) to remain dormant for longer periods of time in order to save energy. This is partially driven by the emerging
IoT market.
Conceptually, autonomous peripheral operation can be seen as a generalization of and mixture between
direct memory access
Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of computer systems and allows certain hardware subsystems to access main system memory independently of the central processing unit (CPU).
Without DMA, when the CPU is using programmed input/output, it is t ...
(DMA) and
hardware interrupt
In digital computers, an interrupt (sometimes referred to as a trap) is a request for the processor to ''interrupt'' currently executing code (when permitted), so that the event can be processed in a timely manner. If the request is accepted, ...
s. Peripherals that issue event signals are called ''event generators'' or ''producers'' whereas target peripherals are called ''event users'' or ''consumers''. In some implementations, peripherals can be configured to pre-process the incoming data and perform various peripheral-specific functions like comparing, windowing, filtering or averaging in hardware without having to pass the data through the CPU for processing.
Implementations
Known implementations include:
* ''Peripheral Event Controller'' (''PEC'') in
Siemens
Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational conglomerate corporation and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe headquartered in Munich with branch offices abroad.
The principal divisions of the corporation are ''Industry'', '' ...
/
Infineon
Infineon Technologies AG is a German semiconductor manufacturer founded in 1999, when the semiconductor operations of the former parent company Siemens AG were spun off. Infineon has about 50,280 employees and is one of the ten largest semicond ...
C166 and
C167 16-bit microcontrollers since 1990
* Intelligent autonomous peripherals ( ''CCU6'') in Infineon
XC800
The Infineon XC800 family is an 8-bit microcontroller family, first introduced in 2005, with a dual cycle optimized 8051 "E-Warp" core. The XC800 family is divided into two categories, the A-Family for Automotive and the I-Family for Industrial ...
series of
8051-compatible 8-bit microcontrollers since 2005
* ''Event System'' (''EVSYS'') in
Atmel
Atmel Corporation was a creator and manufacturer of semiconductors before being subsumed by Microchip Technology in 2016. Atmel was founded in 1984. The company focused on embedded systems built around microcontrollers. Its products included micr ...
AVR XMEGA 8-bit microcontrollers since 2008
* ''Peripheral Event System'' (''PES'') with ''SleepWalking''
in Atmel (now
Microchip Technology
Microchip Technology Inc. is a publicly-listed American corporation that manufactures microcontroller, mixed-signal, analog and Flash-IP integrated circuits. Its products include microcontrollers ( PIC, dsPIC, AVR and SAM), Serial EEPROM ...
)
AVR32 AT32UC3L
AVR32 is a 32-bit RISC microcontroller architecture produced by Atmel. The microcontroller architecture was designed by a handful of people educated at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, including lead designer Øyvind Strø ...
32-bit microcontrollers since 2009
* ''Peripheral Reflex System'' (''PRS'') in
Energy Micro
Energy Micro AS, acquired by Silicon Labs in 2013, was a Norwegian fabless semiconductor company specializing in 32-bit RISC ARM chips. The company focused on ultra low energy consumption MCUs, SoC radios and RF Transceiver. Its EFM32 mic ...
(now
Silicon Labs
Silicon Laboratories, Inc. (Silicon Labs) is a fabless global technology company that designs and manufactures semiconductors, other silicon devices and software, which it sells to electronics design engineers and manufacturers in Internet of Th ...
) Gecko
EFM32
EFM32 Gecko MCUs are a family of mixed-signal 32-bit microcontroller integrated circuits from Energy Micro (now Silicon Labs) based on ARM Cortex-M CPUs, including the Cortex-M0+, Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4.
Overview
EFM32 microcontrollers h ...
32-bit ARM-based microcontrollers since 2009
*
IXYS/
Zilog
Zilog, Inc. is an American manufacturer of microprocessors and 8-bit and 16-bit microcontrollers. It is also a supplier of application-specific embedded system-on-chip (SoC) products.
Its most famous product is the Z80 series of 8-bit microp ...
ZNEO
Z16FMC 16-bit microcontrollers since 2011
* ''Event Link Controller'' (''ELC'') in
Renesas
is a Japanese semiconductor manufacturer headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, initially incorporated in 2002 as Renesas Technology, the consolidated entity of the semiconductor units of Hitachi and Mitsubishi excluding their dynamic random-access memo ...
microcontrollers since 2011
* ''Programmable Peripheral Interconnect'' (''PPI'') in
Nordic nRF 32-bit ARM-based microcontrollers since about 2011
* Autonomous peripherals in Infineon
XMC 32-bit microcontrollers since 2012
* ''Data Transfer Manager'' (''DTM'') in
Silicon Labs
Silicon Laboratories, Inc. (Silicon Labs) is a fabless global technology company that designs and manufactures semiconductors, other silicon devices and software, which it sells to electronics design engineers and manufacturers in Internet of Th ...
Precision32 SiM3L1 32-bit
ARM Cortex-M3
The ARM Cortex-M is a group of 32-bit reduced instruction set computer, RISC ARM architecture, ARM processor cores licensed by Arm Holdings. These cores are optimized for low-cost and energy-efficient integrated circuits, which have been embedd ...
microcontrollers since 2012
* ''Peripheral Event System'' (''PES'') with ''SleepWalking'' in Atmel (now Microchip Technology)
SAM4L 32-bit
ARM Cortex-M4
The ARM Cortex-M is a group of 32-bit RISC ARM processor cores licensed by Arm Holdings. These cores are optimized for low-cost and energy-efficient integrated circuits, which have been embedded in tens of billions of consumer devices. Though ...
microcontrollers since 2012
* Power-Smart Peripherals in
Freescale
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. was an American semiconductor manufacturer. It was created by the divestiture of the Semiconductor Products Sector of Motorola in 2004. Freescale focused their integrated circuit products on the automotive, embed ...
(now
NXP
NXP Semiconductors N.V. (NXP) is a Dutch semiconductor designer and manufacturer with headquarters in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The company employs approximately 31,000 people in more than 30 countries. NXP reported revenue of $11.06 billion in 2 ...
)
Kinetis L
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. was an American semiconductor manufacturer. It was created by the divestiture of the Semiconductor Products Sector of Motorola in 2004. Freescale focused their integrated circuit products on the automotive, embe ...
32-bit
ARM Cortex-M0+ microcontrollers since 2012
* ''Event System'' (''EVSYS'') with ''SleepWalking''
in Atmel (now Microchip Technology)
SAMD,
SAML
Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML, pronounced ''SAM-el'', ) is an open standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties, in particular, between an identity provider and a service provider. SAML is an XML-based ...
and
SAMC
SAMC (South American Music Conference) is an electronic dance music festival held annually in Buenos Aires since 2004, carried out in the estate of Costa Salguero Center. It is one of the most important music festivals of South America, with the ...
32-bit ARM Cortex-M0+ microcontrollers since 2013
* ''Core Independent Peripherals'' (''CIP'') in Microchip
PIC16F
PIC (usually pronounced as ''"pick"'') is a family of microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1650"PICmicro Family Tree", PIC16F Seminar Presentation originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics ...
and
PIC18F as well as Microchip AVR
ATtiny
ATtiny (also known as TinyAVR) is a subfamily of the popular 8-bit AVR microcontrollers, which typically has fewer features, fewer I/O pins, and less memory than other AVR series chips. The first members of this family were released in 1999 by ...
8-bit microcontrollers since 2015
* ''Peripherals Interconnect Matrix'' in
STMicroelectronics
STMicroelectronics N.V. commonly referred as ST or STMicro is a Dutch multinational corporation and technology company of French-Italian origin headquartered in Plan-les-Ouates near Geneva, Switzerland and listed on the French stock market. ST ...
'
STM32
STM32 is a family of 32-bit microcontroller integrated circuits by STMicroelectronics. The STM32 chips are grouped into related series that are based around the same 32-bit ARM architecture, ARM processor core, such as the ARM Cortex-M#Cortex ...
32-bit ARM-based microcontrollers since 2015
See also
*
Channel I/O
In computing, channel I/O is a high-performance input/output (I/O) architecture that is implemented in various forms on a number of computer architectures, especially on mainframe computers. In the past, channels were generally implemented with cus ...
*
Peripheral DMA controller (PDC)
*
Clock gating
Clock gating is a popular technique used in many synchronous circuits for reducing dynamic power dissipation, by removing the clock signal when the circuit is not in use or ignores clock signal. Clock gating saves power by pruning the clock tree, ...
,
autonomous peripheral clock gating
*
Power gating
Power gating is a technique used in integrated circuit design to reduce power consumption, by shutting off the current to blocks of the circuit that are not in use. In addition to reducing stand-by or leakage power, power gating has the benefit ...
*
CPU power dissipation Processor power dissipation or processing unit power dissipation is the process in which computer processors consume electrical energy, and dissipate this energy in the form of heat due to the resistance in the electronic circuits.
Power manag ...
*
Low-power electronics
Low-power electronics are electronics, such as notebook processors, that have been designed to use less electric power than usual, often at some expense. In the case of notebook processors, this expense is processing power; notebook processors usu ...
*
Event-driven architecture Event-driven architecture (EDA) is a software architecture paradigm promoting the production, detection, consumption of, and reaction to events.
Overview
An ''event'' can be defined as "a significant change in state". For example, when a consumer p ...
*
Event-driven programming
In computer programming, event-driven programming is a programming paradigm in which the flow of the program is determined by events such as user actions ( mouse clicks, key presses), sensor outputs, or message passing from other programs or t ...
*
Always On, Always Connected
Windows RT is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft. It is a version of Windows 8 or Windows 8.1 built for the 32-bit ARM architecture (ARMv7). First unveiled in January 2011 at Consumer Electronics Show, the Windows RT 8 oper ...
(AOAC)
*
Energy-Efficient Ethernet
In computer networking, Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) is a set of enhancements to twisted-pair, twinaxial, backplane, and optical fiber Ethernet physical-layer variants that reduce power consumption during periods of low data activity. The i ...
(EEE)
*
TCP offload engine
TCP offload engine (TOE) is a technology used in some network interface cards (NIC) to offload processing of the entire TCP/IP stack to the network controller. It is primarily used with high-speed network interfaces, such as gigabit Ethernet and 1 ...
(TOE)
References
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The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant univ ...
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''EE Times'' (''Electronic Engineering Times'') is an electronics industry magazine published in the United States since 1972. EE Times is currently owned by AspenCore, a division of Arrow Electronics since August 2016.
Since its acquisition ...
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''Electronics Weekly'' is a weekly trade journal for electronics professionals which was first published by Reed Business Information on 7 September 1960. It was the first British Electronics newspaper and its founding editor was Cyril C. Gee who ...
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[{{cite web , title=Atmel Introduces AVR32 Microcontroller Which Lowers Industry's Best Power Consumption by 63% , author-first=Helen , author-last=Perlegos , publisher=]Atmel
Atmel Corporation was a creator and manufacturer of semiconductors before being subsumed by Microchip Technology in 2016. Atmel was founded in 1984. The company focused on embedded systems built around microcontrollers. Its products included micr ...
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Atmel Corporation was a creator and manufacturer of semiconductors before being subsumed by Microchip Technology in 2016. Atmel was founded in 1984. The company focused on embedded systems built around microcontrollers. Its products included micr ...
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[{{cite web , title=Peripherals interconnections on ST M32F405/7xx, STM32F415/7xx, STM32F42xxx, STM32F43xxx, STM32F446xx and STM32F469/479xx , publisher=]STMicroelectronics
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/ref>
[{{cite web , title=Redefining the Power Benchmark , type=White Paper , author-first1=Espen , author-last1=Kragnes , author-first2=Andreas , author-last2=Eieland , date=2012 , publisher=]Atmel
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Business Wire is an American company that disseminates full-text press releases from thousands of companies and organizations worldwide to news media, financial markets, disclosure systems, investors, information web sites, databases, bloggers, s ...
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[{{cite web , title=The Need for Autonomous Peripheral Interoperation in Sensorless BLDC Applications , author-first=Dave , author-last=Coulson , publisher=Convergence Promotions LLC , date=2011-10-12 , id=WP002003-0111 , url=https://www.digikey.com/en/articles/techzone/2011/oct/the-need-for-autonomous-peripheral-interoperation-in-sensorless-bldc-applications , access-date=2018-05-01 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501101851/https://www.digikey.com/en/articles/techzone/2011/oct/the-need-for-autonomous-peripheral-interoperation-in-sensorless-bldc-applications , archive-date=2018-05-01}]
https://web.archive.org/web/20220629175641/https://www.eeweb.com/the-need-for-autonomous-peripheral-interoperation/]
[{{cite web , title=Freescale Energy-Efficient Solutions: Kinetis L Series MCUs , type=White paper , publisher=]Freescale
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. was an American semiconductor manufacturer. It was created by the divestiture of the Semiconductor Products Sector of Motorola in 2004. Freescale focused their integrated circuit products on the automotive, embed ...
, date=2012 , url=https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/white-paper/ENEFFSOLKINLSWP.pdf , access-date=2018-05-03 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503215034/https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/white-paper/ENEFFSOLKINLSWP.pdf , archive-date=2018-05-03
[{{cite web , title=XC800 Product Presentation - Capture Compare Unit CC6 , date=May 2006 , publisher=]Infineon
Infineon Technologies AG is a German semiconductor manufacturer founded in 1999, when the semiconductor operations of the former parent company Siemens AG were spun off. Infineon has about 50,280 employees and is one of the ten largest semicond ...
, id=XC886 CC6 V1 , url=https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/XC8xx_CC6_v10.pdf?fileId=db3a304412b407950112b40c64690b15 , access-date=2018-05-10 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510112911/https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/XC8xx_CC6_v10.pdf?fileId=db3a304412b407950112b40c64690b15 , archive-date=2018-05-10 , quote= €¦Drives need realtime performance – control loop must run faster than 2-4 PWM periods (e.g. 100-200us) – CPU performance is valuable and must be saved for key tasks – Question: How to offload the CPU? –Answer: Build intelligent and autonomous peripherals! €¦CC6 in a Drive application: – generate PWM patterns for all kind of motors – operate always in a safe state – even in an error condition – interact with ADC for sensorless control of motors €¦CC6 is used intensively – the more it works autonomous the more CPU load can be saved for control algorithms €¦}
[{{cite web , title=One microcontroller platform. Countless solutions. XMC4000. , type=Presentation , location=International Press Conference, Am Campeon, Munich, Germany , author-first1=Peter , author-last1= Bauer , author-first2=Peter , author-last2=Schäfer , author-first3= Stephan , author-last3=Zizala , date=2012-01-23 , publisher=]Infineon
Infineon Technologies AG is a German semiconductor manufacturer founded in 1999, when the semiconductor operations of the former parent company Siemens AG were spun off. Infineon has about 50,280 employees and is one of the ten largest semicond ...
, url=https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/XMC4000_PressConference_23-01-2012.pdf?fileId=db3a304334fac4c601350a01d8f011d4 , access-date=2018-05-10 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510125327/https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/XMC4000_PressConference_23-01-2012.pdf?fileId=db3a304334fac4c601350a01d8f011d4 , archive-date=2018-05-10
[{{cite web , title=Things worthy of consideration - The Internet of Things is pushing microcontroller developers to move in unexpected directions , author-first=Graham , author-last=Pitcher , date=2014-01-28 , publisher=]New Electronics
''New Electronics'' is a British bi-weekly magazine dedicated to UK electronic engineering design. It was established in 1968 and is published by Findlay Media
The magazine is available both in print and electronic format and is free for electr ...
, url=http://www.newelectronics.co.uk/electronics-technology/the-internet-of-things-is-pushing-microcontroller-developers-to-move-in-unexpected-directions/59112/ , access-date=2018-05-10 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510135037/http://www.newelectronics.co.uk/electronics-technology/the-internet-of-things-is-pushing-microcontroller-developers-to-move-in-unexpected-directions/59112/ , archive-date=2018-05-10 , pages=22–23}
/ref>
[{{cite magazine , title=Connecting the C166 architecture to CAN (I) , author-first=Axel , author-last=Wolf , date=March 1994 , series=Applications Microcontrollers , magazine=Components , publisher= Siemens Aktiengesellschaft , volume=XXIX , number=4 , pages=42–44 , url=http://ep.etc.tuiasi.ro/site/DIVERSE/placi/CAN/34/pdf/can1.pdf , access-date=2021-12-02 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202014605/http://ep.etc.tuiasi.ro/site/DIVERSE/placi/CAN/34/pdf/can1.pdf , archive-date=2021-12-02 (3 pages) (NB. Mentions the term "autonomous peripherals" in conjunction with the Siemens/Infineon SAB 80C166 in 1994 already. Part II of the article]
[{{cite book , title=CAN Connecting C166 and C500 Microcontroller to CAN , id=Application Note AP29000 , work=Microcontrollers , version=1.0 , date=February 2004 , publisher= Infineon Technologies AG , url=https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/Ap2900010_C166_C500_CAN.pdf?fileId=db3a304412b407950112b41975592877 , access-date=2021-12-02 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022012619/https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/Ap2900010_C166_C500_CAN.pdf?fileId=db3a304412b407950112b41975592877 , archive-date=2020-10-22]
[{{cite book , title=User's Manual - C167CR Derivatives - 16-Bit Single-Chip Microcontroller , work=16bit Microcontrollers , version=3.1 , edition=2000-03 , publication-place=Munich, Germany , date=March 2000 , orig-date=2000-02, 1999-03, 1996-03, 1994-08, 1992-07 , publisher= Infineon Technologies AG , url=https://www.keil.com/dd/docs/datashts/infineon/c167cr_um.pdf , access-date=2021-12-02 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027044509/https://www.keil.com/dd/docs/datashts/infineon/c167cr_um.pdf , archive-date=2020-10-27 (NB. Discusses an autonomously operating built-in ]CAN controller
A Controller Area Network (CAN bus) is a robust vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other's applications without a host computer. It is a message-based protocol, designed originally for m ...
and a "Peripheral Event Controller" (PEC).)
[{{cite book , title=Embedded Systems SS2018 , language=de , author-first=Alfred , author-last=Irber , date=Summer 2018 , orig-date=2016-02-25, 2009-09-25 , publisher=FH München - Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften, Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik , publication-place=Munich, Germany , version=2.0 , id=ES , pages=1, 17, 28, 37–40 , url=https://pc01-lsw.ee.hm.edu/~irber/EmbeddedSystems/powerpoint_deutsch/EmbeddedSystemsSS18_skript_irber.pdf , access-date=2021-12-02 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202165940/https://pc01-lsw.ee.hm.edu/~irber/EmbeddedSystems/powerpoint_deutsch/EmbeddedSystemsSS18_skript_irber.pdf , archive-date=2021-12-02]
Central processing unit
Electric power
Electronics and the environment
Electronics optimization