The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), officially the Vietnam People's Army (VPA; , , ), also recognized as the Vietnamese Army (), the People's Army () or colloquially the Troops ( ), is the national
military force
A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily Weapon, armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with their members identifiable ...
of the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
and the armed wing of the ruling
Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). The PAVN is the backbone component of the
Vietnam People's Armed Forces and includes: Ground Force,
Navy
A navy, naval force, military maritime fleet, war navy, or maritime force is the military branch, branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval warfare, naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral z ...
,
Air Force
An air force in the broadest sense is the national military branch that primarily conducts aerial warfare. More specifically, it is the branch of a nation's armed services that is responsible for aerial warfare as distinct from an army aviati ...
,
Border Guard
A border guard of a country is a national security agency that ensures border security. Some of the national border guard agencies also perform coast guard (as in Germany, Italy or Ukraine) and rescue service duties.
Name and uniform
In diff ...
and
Coast Guard
A coast guard or coastguard is a Maritime Security Regimes, maritime security organization of a particular country. The term embraces wide range of responsibilities in different countries, from being a heavily armed military force with cust ...
. Vietnam does not have a separate and formally-structured Ground Force or
Army
An army, ground force or land force is an armed force that fights primarily on land. In the broadest sense, it is the land-based military branch, service branch or armed service of a nation or country. It may also include aviation assets by ...
service. Instead, all ground troops, army corps, military districts and
special forces
Special forces or special operations forces (SOF) are military units trained to conduct special operations. NATO has defined special operations as "military activities conducted by specially designated, organized, selected, trained and equip ...
are designated under the umbrella term
combined arms
Combined arms is an approach to warfare that seeks to integrate different combat arms of a military to achieve mutually complementary effects—for example, using infantry and armoured warfare, armour in an Urban warfare, urban environment in ...
() and belong to the
Ministry of National Defence, directly under the command of the
CPV Central Military Commission, the
Minister of National Defence, and the
General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army
The General Staff (GS; ) is the Staff (military), commanding and managing organisation of the Vietnam People's Army, the paramilitary forces, militia and other activities relating to defence of Vietnam. The General Staff was established on 7 Se ...
. The military flag of the PAVN is the
National flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam defaced with the motto ''Quyết thắng (Determination to win)'' added in yellow at the
canton.
During the
French Indochina War (1946–1954), the PAVN was often referred to as the
Việt Minh
The Việt Minh (, ) is the common and abbreviated name of the League for Independence of Vietnam ( or , ; ), which was a communist-led national independence coalition formed at Pác Bó by Hồ Chí Minh on 19 May 1941. Also known as the Vi ...
. In the context of the
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) was an armed conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought between North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) and their allies. North Vietnam w ...
(1955–1975), the army was referred to by its opposition forces as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA; ), serving as the military force of the
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; ; VNDCCH), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1945 to 1976, with sovereignty fully recognized in 1954. A member of the communist Eastern Bloc, it opposed the French-suppor ...
. This allowed writers, the U.S. military, and the general public, to distinguish northern communists from the southern communists, called the
Viet Cong
The Viet Cong (VC) was an epithet and umbrella term to refer to the communist-driven armed movement and united front organization in South Vietnam. It was formally organized as and led by the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, and ...
(VC), or more formally the National Liberation Front. However, both groups ultimately worked under the same command structure. The Viet Cong had its own military forces called the
Liberation Army of South Vietnam (LASV). It was practically considered a branch of the PAVN by the North Vietnamese.
In 1976, following the political reunification of Vietnam, LASV was officially disbanded and merged into the so-called NVA to form the existing incarnation of PAVN, serving as the national military of the unified state of Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
During the grand military parade held on April 30, 2025, in
Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) ('','' TP.HCM; ), commonly known as Saigon (; ), is the most populous city in Vietnam with a population of around 14 million in 2025.
The city's geography is defined by rivers and canals, of which the largest is Saigo ...
to mark the 50th anniversary of the
Liberation of the South and National Reunification, the Vietnam People's Army (VPA) played a central and highly visible role. The event featured over 13,000 participants, including military, police, and civilian formations, with prominent displays by various VPA branches such as the Navy, Air Force, Special Forces, and female military units. Aerial demonstrations involving Mi-8 and Mi-17 helicopters flying national and party flags further emphasized national unity. The presence of international delegations from China, Laos, and Cambodia highlighted Vietnam's regional diplomatic ties and the VPA's continued role in both national defense and international engagement.
History
Before 1945
The first historical record of Vietnamese military history dates back to the era of
Hồng Bàng, the first recorded state in ancient Vietnam to have assembled military force. Since then, military plays a crucial role in developing Vietnamese history due to its turbulent history of wars against China,
Champa
Champa (Cham language, Cham: ꨌꩌꨛꨩ, چمڤا; ; 占城 or 占婆) was a collection of independent Chams, Cham Polity, polities that extended across the coast of what is present-day Central Vietnam, central and southern Vietnam from ...
, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand.
The
Southern expansion of Vietnam resulted in the destruction of Champa as an independent nation to a level that it did not exist anymore; total destruction of
Luang Prabang
Luang Prabang (Lao language, Lao: wikt:ຫຼວງພະບາງ, ຫຼວງພະບາງ, pronounced ), historically known as Xieng Thong (ຊຽງທອງ) and alternatively spelled Luang Phabang or Louangphabang, is the capital of Lu ...
; the decline of Cambodia which resulted in Vietnam's annexation of
Mekong Delta
The Mekong Delta ( or simply ), also known as the Western Region () or South-western region (), is the list of regions of Vietnam, region in southwestern Vietnam where the Mekong, Mekong River River delta, approaches and empties into the sea th ...
and wars against Siam. In most of its history, the Royal Vietnamese Armed Forces was often regarded to be one of the most professional, battle-hardened and heavily trained armies in
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...
as well as
Asia
Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...
in a large extent.
Establishment
The PAVN was first conceived in September 1944 at the first Revolutionary Party Military Conference as the Information, Communication and Education Unit of the Liberation Army (alternatively translated as the Vietnam Information, Communication and Education Liberation Army, ) to educate, recruit and mobilise the Vietnamese to create a main force to drive the
French colonial and
Japanese occupiers from Vietnam.
Under the guidelines of
Hồ Chí Minh,
Võ Nguyên Giáp
Võ Nguyên Giáp ( vi-hantu, , ; 25 August 1911 – 4 October 2013) was a Vietnamese general, communist revolutionary and politician. Highly regarded as a military strategist, Giáp led Vietnamese communist forces to victories in wars agains ...
was given the task of establishing the brigades and the Propaganda Unit of the Liberation Army came into existence on 22 December 1944. The first formation was made up of thirty-one men and three women, armed with two revolvers, seventeen rifles, one light machine gun, and fourteen breech-loading flintlocks. It fought the PAVN's first ever engagement at the
Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan against French soldiers in late 1944. The
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
'
OSS agents, led by
Archimedes Patti – who was sometimes referred as the first instructor of the PAVN due to his role - had provided ammunitions as well as logistic intelligence and equipment. They also helped train these soldiers, who formed the backbone of the Vietnamese military to successfully fight the Japanese and other opponents. For instance, the PAVN's July 19, 1945 attack at Tam Dao internment camp in
Tonkin
Tonkin, also spelled Tongkin, Tonquin or Tongking, is an exonym referring to the northern region of Vietnam. During the 17th and 18th centuries, this term referred to the domain '' Đàng Ngoài'' under Trịnh lords' control, including both the ...
saw 500 soldiers kill fifty Japanese soldiers and officials, freeing French civilian captives and escorting them to the Chinese border. The PAVN also fought the
Japanese 21st Division in Thai Nguyen that year, and regularly raided rice storehouses to alleviate an
ongoing famine.
There was another separate communist army called the National Salvation Army (''Cứu quốc quân'') which was founded and commanded by
Chu Văn Tấn
Chu Văn Tấn (1909–1984) was a colonel-general in the People's Army of Vietnam active during the First Indochina War. He was the first Minister of Defence of Vietnam
Early years
Chu Văn Tấn was born in Võ Nhai district, Thái Nguyê ...
on 23/2/1941.
On 15/5/1945 the Propaganda Liberation Army merged with the National Salvation Army into the Vietnam Liberation Army (''Việt Nam Giải phóng Quân'') on 15 May 1945.
The
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; ; VNDCCH), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1945 to 1976, with sovereignty fully recognized in 1954. A member of the communist Eastern Bloc, it opposed the French-suppor ...
was proclaimed in
Hanoi
Hanoi ( ; ; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Vietnam, second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river" (Hanoi is bordered by the Red River (Asia), Red and Black River (Asia), Black Riv ...
by
Ho Chi Minh
(born ; 19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969), colloquially known as Uncle Ho () among other aliases and sobriquets, was a Vietnamese revolutionary and politician who served as the founder and first President of Vietnam, president of the ...
and
Vietminh
The Việt Minh (, ) is the common and abbreviated name of the League for Independence of Vietnam ( or , ; ), which was a communist-led national independence coalition formed at Pác Bó by Hồ Chí Minh on 19 May 1941. Also known as the Vi� ...
on 2 September 1945. Then in September, the army was renamed the Vietnam National Defence Force (''Việt Nam Vệ quốc Đoàn'').
At this point, it had about 1,000 soldiers.
On 22 May 1946, the army was called the National Army of Vietnam (''Quân đội Quốc gia Việt Nam'', not to be confused with the opposite
Vietnamese National Army of the France-associated
State of Vietnam which had a synonymous English name and exactly the same Vietnamese name). Lastly, in 1950, it officially became the People's Army of Vietnam (or Vietnam People's Army, ''Quân đội Nhân dân Việt Nam'').
Võ Nguyên Giáp went on to become the first full general of the PAVN on 28 May 1948, and famous for leading the PAVN in victory over French forces at the
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
The Battle of Điện Biên Phủ was a climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War that took place between 13 March and 7 May 1954. It was fought between the forces of the French Union and Viet Minh.
The French began an operation to in ...
in 1954 and being in overall command against U.S. backed
South Vietnam
South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN; , VNCH), was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975. It first garnered Diplomatic recognition, international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the ...
at the
Fall of Saigon
The fall of Saigon, known in Vietnam as Reunification Day (), was the capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by North Vietnam on 30 April 1975. As part of the 1975 spring offensive, this decisive event led to the collapse of the So ...
on 30 April 1975.
French Indochina War
On 7 January 1947, its first regiment, the 102nd 'Capital' Regiment, was created for operations around
Hanoi
Hanoi ( ; ; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Vietnam, second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river" (Hanoi is bordered by the Red River (Asia), Red and Black River (Asia), Black Riv ...
. Over the next two years, the first division, the
308th Division, later well known as the Pioneer Division, was formed from the 88th Tu Vu Regiment and the 102nd Capital Regiment. By late 1950 the 308th Division had a full three infantry regiments, when it was supplemented by the 36th Regiment. At that time, the 308th Division was also backed by the 11th Battalion that later became the main force of the
312th Division. In late 1951, after launching three campaigns against three French strongpoints in the
Red River Delta
The Red River Delta or Hong River Delta () is the flat low-lying plain formed by the Red River and its distributaries merging with the Thái Bình River in Northern Vietnam. ''Hồng'' (紅) is a Sino-Vietnamese word for "red" or "crimson". T ...
, the PAVN refocused on building up its ground forces further, with five new divisions, each of 10–15,000 men, created: the
304th Glory Division at
Thanh Hóa
Thanh Hóa () is the capital of Thanh Hóa Province. The city is situated in the east of the province on the Ma River (Sông Mã), about 150 kilometers (93 miles) south of capital Hanoi and 1560 kilometers (969 miles) north of Ho Chi Minh Cit ...
, the 312th Victory Division in Vinh Phuc, the
316th Bong Lau Division in the northwest border region, the
320th Delta Division in the north Red River Delta, the
325th Binh Tri Thien Division in Binh Tri Thien province. Also in 1951, the first artillery Division, the
351st Division was formed, and later, before
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
The Battle of Điện Biên Phủ was a climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War that took place between 13 March and 7 May 1954. It was fought between the forces of the French Union and Viet Minh.
The French began an operation to in ...
in 1954, for the first time in history, it was equipped with 24 captured 105mm US howitzers supplied by the Chinese
People's Liberation Army
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the military of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). It consists of four Military branch, services—People's Liberation Army Ground Force, Ground Force, People's ...
. The first six divisions (308th, 304th, 312th, 316th, 320th, 325th) became known as the original PAVN 'Steel and Iron' divisions. In 1954, four of these divisions (the 308th, 304th, 312nd, 316th, supported by the 351st Division's captured US howitzers) defeated the
French Union
The French Union () was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial empire system, colloquially known as the " French Empire" (). It was ''de jure'' the end of the "indigenous" () status of Frenc ...
forces at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, ending 83 years of French rule in Indochina.
The
French Foreign Legion
The French Foreign Legion (, also known simply as , "the Legion") is a corps of the French Army created to allow List of militaries that recruit foreigners, foreign nationals into French service. The Legion was founded in 1831 and today consis ...
had been deployed to combat the Vietnamese insurgency during the First Indochina War. However, some of the legionnaires, such as
Stefan Kubiak, deserted after witnessing torture of Vietnamese peasants at the hands of French troops and began fighting for the
Việt Minh
The Việt Minh (, ) is the common and abbreviated name of the League for Independence of Vietnam ( or , ; ), which was a communist-led national independence coalition formed at Pác Bó by Hồ Chí Minh on 19 May 1941. Also known as the Vi ...
, volunteering to join the PAVN.
Vietnam War

Soon after the
1954 Geneva Accords, the 330th and 338th Divisions were formed by southern Viet Minh members who had moved north in conformity with that agreement, and by 1955, six more divisions were formed: the 328th, 332nd and 350th in the north of the
North Vietnam
North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; ; VNDCCH), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1945 to 1976, with sovereignty fully recognized in 1954 Geneva Conference, 1954. A member of the communist Eastern Bloc, it o ...
, the 305th and the
324th near the
DMZ, and the 335 Division of soldiers repatriated from
Laos
Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and ...
. In 1957, the theatres of the war with the French were reorganised as the first five military regions, and in the next two years, several divisions were reduced to brigade size to meet the manpower requirements of collective farms.
By 1958, it was becoming increasingly clear that the
South Vietnamese government was solidifying its position as an independent republic under
Ngô Đình Diệm
Ngô Đình Diệm ( , or ; ; 3 January 1901 – 2 November 1963) was a South Vietnamese politician who was the final prime minister of the State of Vietnam (1954–1955) and later the first president of South Vietnam ( Republic of ...
, who staunchly opposed the terms of the Geneva Accords, which required a national referendum on unification of north and south Vietnam under a single national government. North Vietnam prepared to settle the issue of unification by force.
In May 1959, the first major steps to prepare infiltration routes into
South Vietnam
South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN; , VNCH), was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975. It first garnered Diplomatic recognition, international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the ...
were taken;
Group 559 was established, a logistical unit charged with establishing routes into the south via Laos and
Cambodia
Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline ...
, which later became famous as the
Ho Chi Minh trail
The Ho Chi Minh Trail (), also called Annamite Range Trail () was a Military logistics, logistical network of roads and trails that ran from North Vietnam to South Vietnam through the kingdoms of Kingdom of Laos, Laos and Cambodia (1953–1970), ...
. At about the same time, Group 579 was created as its maritime counterpart to transport supplies into the South by sea. Most of the early infiltrators were members of the 338th Division, former southerners who had been settled at
Xuan Mai from 1954 onwards.
Regular formations were sent to South Vietnam from 1965 onwards; the 325th Division's 101B Regiment and the 66th Regiment of the 304th Division met U.S. forces on a large scale, a first for the PAVN, at the
Battle of Ia Drang in November 1965. The 308th Division's 88A Regiment, the 312th Division's 141A, 141B, 165A, 209A, the 316th Division's 174A, the 325th Division's 95A, 95B, the 320A Division also faced the U.S. forces which included the
1st Cavalry Division, the
101st Airborne Division
The 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) ("Screaming Eagles") is a light infantry division (military), division of the United States Army that specializes in air assault military operation, operations. The 101st is designed to plan, coordinat ...
, the
173rd Airborne Brigade
The 173rd Airborne Brigade ("Sky Soldiers") is an Airborne forces, airborne infantry brigade combat team (IBCT) of the United States Army based in Vicenza, Italy. It is the United States European Command's conventional airborne strategic respo ...
, the
4th Infantry Division, the
1st Infantry Division and the
25th Infantry Division. Many of those formations later became main forces of the
3rd Division (Yellow Star Division) in Binh Dinh (1965), the
5th Division (1966) of 7th Military Zone (Capital Tactical Area of ARVN), the
7th (created by 141st and 209th Regiments originated in the 312th Division in 1966) and
9th Divisions (first Division of National Liberation Front of Vietnam in 1965 in Mekong Delta), the 10th Dakto Division in Dakto –
Central Highlands in 1972.
On 20 December 1960, anti-government forces in South Vietnam joined to form a united front called
National Liberation Front of South Vietnam
The Viet Cong (VC) was an epithet and umbrella term to refer to the Communism, communist-driven armed movement and united front organization in South Vietnam. It was formally organized as and led by the National Liberation Front of South Vi ...
(''Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng Miền Nam Việt Nam'') or simply known as the Vietcong in the United States. On 15 December 1961, the NLF established its own military called
Liberation Army of South Vietnam (LASV) to fight against the American supported
Army of the Republic of Vietnam
The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN; ; ) composed the ground forces of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces, South Vietnamese military from its inception in 1955 to the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. Its predecessor was the ground forc ...
. The LASV was controlled and equipped by the PAVN.
General
Trần Văn Trà
Nguyễn Chấn, known as Trần Văn Trà (15 September 1919 – 20 April 1996) was a colonel-general in the People's Army of Vietnam. He was Commander of B2 Front during 1963 – 1967, Deputy Commander of Liberation Army of South Vietnam dur ...
, one-time commander of the
B2 Front (Saigon) HQ confirms that even though the PAVN and the LASV were confident in their ability to defeat the regular ARVN forces, U.S. intervention in Vietnam forced them to reconsider their operations. The decision was made to continue to pursue "main force" engagements even though "there were others in the South – they were not military people – who wanted to go back to guerrilla war," but the strategic aims were adjusted to meet the new reality.
We had to change our plan and make it different from when we fought the Saigon regime, because we now had to fight two adversaries — the United States and South Vietnam. We understood that the U.S. Army was superior to our own logistically, in weapons and in all things. So strategically we did not hope to defeat the U.S. Army completely. Our intentions were to fight a long time and cause heavy casualties to the United States, so the United States would see that the war was unwinnable and would leave.
During the Vietnamese Lunar New Year
Tết holiday starting on 30 January 1968, the PAVN/VC launched a general offensive in more than 60 cities and towns throughout south of Vietnam against the US Army and
Army of the Republic of Vietnam
The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN; ; ) composed the ground forces of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces, South Vietnamese military from its inception in 1955 to the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. Its predecessor was the ground forc ...
(ARVN), beginning with operations in the border region to try and draw US forces and ARVN troops out of the major cities. In coordinated attacks, the
U.S Embassy in Saigon, Presidential Palace,
Headquarters of the Joint General Staff and
Republic of Vietnam Navy, TV and Radio Stations,
Tan Son Nhat Air Base in Saigon were attacked by commando forces known as "đặc công". This offensive became known as the "
Tet Offensive
The Tet Offensive was a major escalation and one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War. The Viet Cong (VC) and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) launched a surprise attack on 30 January 1968 against the forces of ...
". The PAVN sustained heavy losses of its main forces in southern military zones. Some of its regular forces and command structure had to escape to Laos and Cambodia to avoid counterattacks from US forces and ARVN, while local guerrillas forces and political organisations in South Vietnam were exposed and had a hard time remaining within the
Mekong Delta
The Mekong Delta ( or simply ), also known as the Western Region () or South-western region (), is the list of regions of Vietnam, region in southwestern Vietnam where the Mekong, Mekong River River delta, approaches and empties into the sea th ...
area due to the extensive use of the
Phoenix Program.
Although the PAVN lost militarily to the US forces and ARVN in the south, the political impact of the war in the United States was strong. Public demonstrations increased in ferocity and quantity after the Tet Offensive. During 1970, the 5th, 7th and 9th Divisions
fought in Cambodia against U.S., ARVN, and Cambodian
Khmer National Armed Forces. The PAVN gained new allies: the
Khmer Rouge
The Khmer Rouge is the name that was popularly given to members of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), and by extension to Democratic Kampuchea, which ruled Cambodia between 1975 and 1979. The name was coined in the 1960s by Norodom Sihano ...
and guerrilla fighters supporting deposed Prime Minister Norodom Sihanouk, Sihanouk. In 1975 the PAVN were successful in aiding the
Khmer Rouge
The Khmer Rouge is the name that was popularly given to members of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), and by extension to Democratic Kampuchea, which ruled Cambodia between 1975 and 1979. The name was coined in the 1960s by Norodom Sihano ...
in toppling Lon Nol's U.S.-backed regime, despite heavy US bombing.
After the withdrawal of most U.S. combat forces from Indochina because of the Vietnamization strategy, the PAVN launched the ill-fated Easter Offensive in 1972. Although successful at the beginning, the South Vietnamese repulsed the main assaults with U.S. air support. Still North Vietnam retained some South Vietnamese territory.
Nearly two years after the full U.S. withdrawal from Indochina in accordance with the terms of the 1973 Paris Peace Accords, the PAVN launched a 1975 spring offensive, Spring offensive aimed at overthrowing the South Vietnamese government and uniting Vietnam under communist rule. Without direct support of the U.S., and suffering from stresses caused by dwindling aid, the ARVN was ill-prepared to confront the highly motivated PAVN, and despite the on paper superiority of the ARVN, the PAVN quickly secured victory within two months and Fall of Saigon, captured Saigon on 30 April 1975, ending the 20 year Vietnam war.
After national reunification, the LASV was officially merged into PAVN on 2 July 1976.
Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1975–1991)
Towards the second half of the 20th century the armed forces of Vietnam would participate in organised incursions to protect its citizens and allies against aggressive military factions in the neighbouring Indochinese countries of Laos and Cambodia, and the defensive border wars with China.
* The PAVN had forces in Laos to secure the Ho Chi Minh trail and to militarily support the Pathet Lao. In 1975 the Pathet Lao and PAVN forces succeeded in toppling the Kingdom of Laos, Royal Laotian regime and installing a new, and pro-Hanoi government, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, that rules Laos to this day.
* Parts of Sihanouk's neutral Cambodia were occupied by troops as well. A pro US coup led by Lon Nol in 1970 led to the foundation pro-US Khmer Republic state. This marked the beginning of the Cambodian Civil War. The PAVN aided
Khmer Rouge
The Khmer Rouge is the name that was popularly given to members of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), and by extension to Democratic Kampuchea, which ruled Cambodia between 1975 and 1979. The name was coined in the 1960s by Norodom Sihano ...
forces in toppling Lon Nol's government in 1975. In 1978, along with the FUNSK Cambodian Salvation Front, the Vietnamese and Ex-Khmer Rouge forces succeeded in toppling Pol Pot's Democratic Kampuchea regime and installing a new government, the People's Republic of Kampuchea.
* During the Sino-Vietnamese War and the Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991), Vietnamese forces would conduct cross-border raids into Chinese territory to destroy artillery ammunition. This greatly contributed to the outcome of the Sino-Vietnamese War, as the Chinese forces ran out of ammunition already at an early stage and had to call in reinforcements.
* While occupying Cambodia, Vietnam launched Vietnamese border raids in Thailand, several armed incursions into Thailand in pursuit of Cambodian guerrillas that had taken refuge on the Thai side of the border.
Modern deployment
The PAVN has been actively involved in Vietnam's workforce to develop the economy of Vietnam by co-ordinating national defence. It has regularly sent troops to aid with natural disasters such as flooding, landslides etc. The PAVN is also involved in such areas as industry, agriculture, forestry, fishery and telecommunications. The PAVN has numerous small firms which have become quite profitable in recent years. However, recent decrees have effectively prohibited the commercialisation of the military. Conscription is in place for theoretically every male, age 18 to 25 years old, with the exception of the disabled and men who attended universities right after high school.
International presence & operations

The Foreign Relations Department of the Ministry of National Defence organises international operations of the PAVN.
Apart from its occupation of half of the disputed Spratly Islands, which have been claimed as Vietnamese territory since the 17th century, Vietnam has not officially had forces stationed internationally since its withdrawal from State of Cambodia (1989–1993), Cambodia and Laos in early 1990.
Allegations of Vietnamese assistance for overseas leftist insurgencies
The effectiveness of the People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces, People's Army of Vietnam Special Operation Forces during the Vietnam War saw them instruct various other countries and Marxist revolution, Marxist rebel groups. From the 1970s to 1990s, they covertly provided training at the PAVN Sapper Training School in via Vietnamese sapper advisors assigned to the Cuban Revolutionary Army, Cuban Army's Sapper School in Cuba, and, during the 1980s, by a secret Vietnamese sapper training team stationed in Nicaragua. In addition to training People's Republic of Kampuchea, Cambodian, Laos, Laotian, Soviet, and Cuban military personnel, their publications revealed that among the foreign revolutionary forces that received training in sapper tactics, bomb-making, and the use of weapons and explosives, were members of the Marxist El Salvadoran FMLN (Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front), the Chilean MIR (Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile), Movement of the Revolutionary Left) fighting against the dictatorial regime of Augusto Pinochet, as well as the Colombian FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) movement, a Marxist guerilla group.
Allegations of Vietnamese intervention in Lao security crises
The Center for Public Policy Analysis and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) as well as Laotian and Hmong human rights organisations, including the Lao Human Rights Council, Inc. and the United League for Democracy in Laos, Inc., have provided evidence that since the end of the
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) was an armed conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought between North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) and their allies. North Vietnam w ...
, significant numbers of Vietnamese military and security forces continue to be sent to Laos, on a repeated basis, to quell and suppress Laotian political and religious dissident and opposition groups including the peaceful 1999 Lao Students for Democracy protest in Vientiane in 1999 and the Hmong Insurgency, Hmong rebellion. In late November 2009, shortly before the start of the 2009 Southeast Asian Games in Vientiane, the PAVN undertook a major troop surge in key rural and mountainous provinces in Laos where Lao and Hmong civilians and religious believers, including Christians, have sought sanctuary.
Modern-era peacekeeping operations
In 2014, Vietnam had requested to join the United Nations peacekeeping, United Nations peacekeeping force, which was later approved.
The first Vietnamese UN peacekeeping officers were sent to South Sudan, marked the first involvement of Vietnam into a United Nations' mission abroad.
Vietnamese peacekeepers were also sent to the Central African Republic.
From 2022, Vietnam has deployed its first Military engineering, military engineer unit to the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei, peacekeeping missions in Abyei.
2023 Turkish-Syrian earthquake
As an effort to help Turkey overcome the consequences of the 2023 earthquake, PAVN has sent 76 servicemen of the
Border Guard
A border guard of a country is a national security agency that ensures border security. Some of the national border guard agencies also perform coast guard (as in Germany, Italy or Ukraine) and rescue service duties.
Name and uniform
In diff ...
, Military medicine, Army Medic, and Military engineering, Engineering Corps (alongside personnel from Vietnam People's Public Security, Public Security) to participate in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief including Search and rescue, search-and-rescue missions.
This is the first time ever that Vietnam has officially deployed and engaged in an overseas search and rescue campaign.
2025 Myanmar earthquake
The PAVN deployed 76 personnel from the
Border Guard
A border guard of a country is a national security agency that ensures border security. Some of the national border guard agencies also perform coast guard (as in Germany, Italy or Ukraine) and rescue service duties.
Name and uniform
In diff ...
, Military medicine, Army Medical Corps, and Military engineering, Engineering Corps, along with members of the Vietnam People's Public Security, Public Security forces, to take part in humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and Search and rescue, search-and-rescue operations in Sagaing on 31 March.
Organisation

The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces is the President of Vietnam, though this position is virtually nominal and a majority of political power over the military is assumed by the Central Military Commission (Vietnam), Central Military Commission of the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam. The Secretary of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam, secretary of Central Military Commission (usually the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam) is the de facto commander and now is Tô Lâm.
The
Minister of National Defence oversees operations of the Ministry of Defence (Vietnam), Ministry of Defence, and the PAVN. He also oversees such agencies as the General Staff and the General Department of Logistics. However, military policy is ultimately directed by the Central Military Commission of the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam.
*
Ministry of National Defence: is the lead organisation, highest command and management of the Vietnam People's Army.
* General Staff (Vietnam People's Army), General Staff: is leading agency all levels of the Vietnam People's Army, command all of the armed forces, which functions to ensure combat readiness of the armed forces and manage all military activities in peace and war.
* General Political Department: is the agency in charge of Communist Party affairs – political work within PAVN, which operates under the direct leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Central Military Party Committee.
* General Department of Military Intelligence, General Department of Defence Intelligence: is an intelligence agency of the Vietnamese government and military.
* General Department of Logistics: is the agency in charge to ensure logistical support to units of the People's Army.
* General Department of Technology: is the agency in charge to ensure equipped technical means of war for the army and each unit.
* General Department of Defence Industry (commercially branded as the Vietnam Defence Industry): is the agency responsible for the development of the Vietnamese national Arms industry, defense industry in support of the missions of the PAVN.
Service branches
The Vietnamese People's Army is subdivided into the following service branches:
*Vietnam People's Ground Force (unofficial)
(Lục quân Nhân dân Việt Nam)
*Vietnam People's Air Force
(Không quân Nhân dân Việt Nam)
*Vietnam People's Navy
(Hải quân Nhân dân Việt Nam)
*Vietnam Border Guard
(Bộ đội Biên phòng Việt Nam)
*Vietnam Coast Guard
(Cảnh sát biển Việt Nam)
*Cyberspace Operations Command
(Bộ Tư lệnh Tác chiến không gian mạng)
*President Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum Defence Force
(Bộ Tư lệnh Bảo vệ Lăng
Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh)
The People's Army of Vietnam composes of the standing (or regular) forces and the reserve forces. The standing forces include the main forces and the local forces. During peacetime, the standing forces are minimised in number, and kept combat-ready by regular physical and weapons training, and stock maintenance.
Vietnam People's Ground Force
Within PAVN the Ground Force have not been established as a separate full Service Command, thus ''all of the ground troops, army corps, military districts and the specialised arms'' are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence (Vietnam), Ministry of Defence, under the direct command of the General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army, General Staff, who serves as its ''de facto'' commander.
Arm badges
Military regions
The following military regions are under the direct control of the General Staff and the Ministry of Defence:

* High Command of Capital Hanoi, Hanoi Capital City Special High Command (Bộ Tư lệnh Thủ đô Hà Nội): special command tasked for the defense of the Hanoi Capital Region. Headquarters:
Hanoi
Hanoi ( ; ; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Vietnam, second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river" (Hanoi is bordered by the Red River (Asia), Red and Black River (Asia), Black Riv ...
* 1st Military Region (Vietnam People's Army), 1st Military Region (Quân khu 1): responsible for the North East of Vietnam. Headquarters: Thái Nguyên
* 2nd Military Region (Vietnam People's Army), 2nd Military Region (Quân khu 2): responsible for the North West of Vietnam. Headquarters: Việt Trì, Phú Thọ
* 3rd Military Region (Vietnam People's Army), 3rd Military Region (Quân khu 3): responsible for the defense of the
Red River Delta
The Red River Delta or Hong River Delta () is the flat low-lying plain formed by the Red River and its distributaries merging with the Thái Bình River in Northern Vietnam. ''Hồng'' (紅) is a Sino-Vietnamese word for "red" or "crimson". T ...
(except Hanoi Capital Region). Headquarters: Hai Phong
* 4th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army), 4th Military Region (Quân khu 4): responsible for North Central Vietnam. Headquarters: Vinh, Nghệ An province
* 5th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army), 5th Military Region (Quân khu 5): responsible for South Central Vietnam including the
Central Highlands and Southern Central coastal provinces. Headquarters: Da Nang
* 7th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army), 7th Military Region (Quân khu 7): responsible for Southeast Vietnam. Headquarters:
Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) ('','' TP.HCM; ), commonly known as Saigon (; ), is the most populous city in Vietnam with a population of around 14 million in 2025.
The city's geography is defined by rivers and canals, of which the largest is Saigo ...
* 9th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army), 9th Military Region (Quân khu 9): responsible for the
Mekong Delta
The Mekong Delta ( or simply ), also known as the Western Region () or South-western region (), is the list of regions of Vietnam, region in southwestern Vietnam where the Mekong, Mekong River River delta, approaches and empties into the sea th ...
. Headquarters: Cần Thơ
Main forces
The Main Force of the PAVN and its People's Ground Forces consists of combat ready troops, as well as support units such as educational institutions for logistics, officer training, and technical training. In 1991, Conboy et al. stated that the PAVN Ground Force had four 'Strategic Army Corps' in the early 1990s, numbering 1–4, from north to south. 1st Corps (Vietnam People's Army), 1st Corps, located in the
Red River Delta
The Red River Delta or Hong River Delta () is the flat low-lying plain formed by the Red River and its distributaries merging with the Thái Bình River in Northern Vietnam. ''Hồng'' (紅) is a Sino-Vietnamese word for "red" or "crimson". T ...
region, consisted of the 308th (one of the six original 'Steel and Iron' divisions) and 312th Divisions, and the 309th Infantry Regiment. The other three corps, 2 SAC, 3 SAC, and 4 SAC, were further south, with 4th Corps (Vietnam People's Army), 4th Corps, in Southern Vietnam, consisting of two former Liberation Army of South Vietnam, LASV divisions, the 7th and 9th.
From 2014 to 2016, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, IISS Military Balance attributed the Vietnamese ground forces with an estimated 412,000 personnel. Formation (military), Formations, according to the IISS, include 8 military regions, 4 corps headquarters, 1 special forces airborne brigade, 6 armoured brigades and 3 armoured regiments, two mechanised infantry divisions, and 23 active infantry divisions plus another 9 reserve ones.
Combat support formations include 13 artillery brigades and one artillery regiment, 11 air defence brigades, 10 engineers brigades, 1 electronic warfare unit, 3 signals brigades and 2 signals regiment.
Combat service support formations include 9 economic construction divisions, 1 logistical regiment, 1 medical unit and 1 training regiment. Ross wrote in 1984 that economic construction division "are composed of regular troops that are fully trained and armed, and reportedly they are subordinate to their own directorate in the Ministry of Defense. They have specific military missions; however, they are also entrusted with economic tasks such as food production or construction work. They are composed partially of older veterans."
Ross also cited 1980s sources saying that economic construction divisions each had a strength of about 3,500.
In 2017, the listing was amended, with the addition of a single Short-range ballistic missile brigade. The ground forces according to the IISS, hold Scud-B/C SRBMs.

12th Corps (Vietnam), 12th Corps
First organised on 21 November 2023, the 12th Corps was created by merging all of the units from the former 1st Corps (Vietnam), 1st Corps and the 2nd Corps (Vietnam), 2nd Corps. It is stationed in Tam Điệp District, Ninh Bình province, Ninh Bình.

34th Corps (Vietnam), 34th Corps
First organised on 10 December 2024, the 34th Corps was created by merging all of the units from the former 3rd Corps (Vietnam), 3rd Corps and the 4th Corps (Vietnam), 4th Corps. Stationed in Pleiku, Gia Lai province, Gia Lai.
Local forces
Local forces are an entity of the PAVN that, together with the militia and "self-defence forces", act on the local level in protection of people and local authorities. While the local forces are regular VPA forces, the people's militia consists of rural civilians, and the people's self-defence forces consist of civilians who live in urban areas and/or work in large groups, such as at construction sites or farms. The current number stands at 3–4 million reservists and militia personnel combined. They serve as force multipliers to the PAVN and Public Security during wartime and peacetime contingencies.
Vietnam People's Navy
Vietnam People's Air Force
Vietnam Border Guard
Vietnam Coast Guard
Ranks and insignia
Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.
Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and Enlisted rank, enlisted personnel.
Equipment

From the 1960s to 1975 the Soviet Union, along with some smaller Eastern Bloc countries, was the main supplier of military hardware to North Vietnam. After the latter's victory in the war, it remained the main supplier of equipment to Vietnam. The United States had been the primary supplier of equipment to South Vietnam; much of the equipment left by the U.S. Army and the ARVN came under control of the re-unified Vietnamese government. The PAVN captured large numbers of ARVN weapons on 30 April 1975 after Saigon was captured.
Russia remains the largest arms-supplier for Vietnam; even after 1986, there were also increasing arms sales from other nations, notably from India, Turkey, Israel, Japan, South Korea, and France. In 2016, President of the United States, President Barack Obama announced the lifting of the lethal weapons embargo on Vietnam, which has increased Vietnamese military equipment choices from other countries such as the
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
, the United Kingdom, and other Western countries, which could enable a faster modernization of the Vietnamese military. Since 2018, the United States has begun to provide warships for Vietnam Coast Guard as part of the military cooperation between two states, the first of these ships arrived in 2021.
Despite Russia remaining Vietnam's largest weapon supplier, increasing cooperation with Israel has resulted in the development of Vietnamese weaponry with a strong mixture of Russian and Israeli weapons. For examples, the STV rifle, STV rifles are three Vietnam-made indigenous service rifles modeled after the Galil ACE of Israel.
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
* Conboy, Bowra, and McCouaig, 'The NVA and Vietcong', Osprey Publishing, 1991.
* Gabriel, Richard A. "Nonaligned, Third World, and Other Ground Armies: A Combat Assessment," Greenwood Press, 1983
Nonaligned, Third World, and Other Ground Armies: A Combat Assessment(further reading)
* Military History Institute of Vietnam,(2002) ''Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975,'' translated by Merle L. Pribbenow. University Press of Kansas. .
* Morris, Virginia and Hills, Clive. 'Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution: In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives', McFarland & Co Inc, 2018.
*
*
*
External links
Ministry of Defence Vietnam*
People's Army of Vietnam English Edition Center for Public Policy Analysis, Washington, D.C.
{{authority control
People's Army of Vietnam,
1944 establishments in Vietnam
Communism in Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh
Laotian Civil War
Military of Vietnam, A
Military units and formations established in 1944
National liberation armies
Organizations of the First Indochina War
Organizations of the Vietnam War
Viet Minh
Võ Nguyên Giáp