Pavel Petrovich Melnikov (

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

: Павел Петрович Мельников, – in Lyuban) was a

engineer and administrator who, in his capacity as Transport Minister, was in a large measure responsible for the introduction of railroad construction in

Imperial Russia The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the List of Russian monarchs, Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended th ...

. In 1825 Melnikov graduated at the head of his class from the

Institute of Transport Engineers An institute is an organisational body created for a certain purpose. They are often research organisations (research institutes) created to do research on specific topics, or can also be a professional body. In some countries, institutes can ...

in the School for Communication Routes with the rank of Lieutenant in the Corps of Transport Engineers. He remained as a teacher at the Institute, becoming professor of applied mechanics in 1833. He also took part in several construction projects to improve the Russian network of rivers and canals. In 1833 he joined the St. Petersburg Artillery School. he was also responsible for repairing the wooden cupola of the Trinity Cathedral in St Petersburg.''Russia Enters the Railway Age, 1842-1855'', by Richard Haywood, Eastern European Monographs, 1998p20 In the Summer of 1839 Melnikov and another colonel, Nikolai Osipovich Kraft (1798-1857), were sent to the United States to inspect its railroad system and recommend technology to be used in Russia. The travellers returned in the autumn of 1840. The report regarding U.S. railroads which Melnikov compiled upon his and Kraft's return to their homeland, for submission to the imperial Russian authorities, is a massive contribution to American industrial and transportation history. Written in longhand in 1841 and now found in manuscript form in the library of St. Petersburg State Transportation University, this 3-part, 664-page work is entitled ''Technical Description of the railways of the North American States'' (''Opisanie v tekhnicheskom otnoshenii zheleznykh dorog Severoamerikanskikh Shtatov''). In 1842, the journal ''Zhurnal Putei Soobshcheniya'' (''Transport Journal'') provided readers with extensive access to Melnikov's findings by publishing them in serial form in volume (''Tom'') II, book (''Kniga'') 1, pages 19–85; and in book 2, pages 95 to 197. A further separate article, entitled "Foundations of Railways," is in book 3 for 1842, pages 209-265. Still another article, "Regarding operations to outfit (''ustroistvo'') railways in the North American States," is in volume II, book 4, pages 285-374 (extensively covering earthmoving tasks, principally), and volume III, book 1, pages 1–70. Taken together, these writings are qualitatively on a par with those of Franz Anton von Gerstner, who visited the United States for the same purpose at the same time and also produced a multivolume compilation on U.S. transportation of that time, available in English under the title ''EARLY AMERICAN RAILROADS''. Melnikov was sufficiently observant about America to note on page 65 of the Journal Article, volume I, book I, that the United States was a nation that was "little inclined to be subjected to the influence of routine," i.e. had a palpable dynamism. Based on his experience Melnikov suggested the adoption of a 5-foot

wide gauge Standard Gauge, also known as wide gauge, was an early model railway and toy train rail gauge, introduced in the United States in 1906 by Lionel Corporation. As it was a toy standard, rather than a scale modeling standard, the actual scale of ...

for the planned Moscow–St. Petersburg Railway. (Previously, only a short line connecting St. Petersburg to

Tsarskoe Selo Tsarskoye Selo ( rus, Ца́рское Село́, p=ˈtsarskəɪ sʲɪˈlo, a=Ru_Tsarskoye_Selo.ogg, "Tsar's Village") was the town containing a former residence of the Russian imperial family and visiting nobility, located south from the cen ...

had been built in 1836–37 under

Franz Anton von Gerstner Franz Anton Ritter von Gerstner (11 May 1796 in Prague – 12 April 1840 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States) was a German-Bohemian civil engineer, professor and railway pioneer. Career The son of physicist and railway pioneer Franz Jo ...

.) The gauge was approved as the new standard on 12 September 1842. When construction of the Moscow–St. Petersburg Railway began in 1842 Melnikov was appointed to manage the construction of its northern part. From 1862 he was the chief manager of the railway, served as the Transport Minister from 1866 to 1869 and as a member of the Railroads Committee from 1870 to 1875. Melnikov also contributed to water transportation systems and other engineering projects. He is the author of the first books about railroad construction ever written in Russian.

References

* M. I. Voronin: Pavel Melnikov and the Creation of the Railway System in Russia, 1804-1880', 1995 translation to English. Russian edition: Воронин М. И., Воронина М. М.: ''Павел Петрович Мельников, 1804-1880'', 1977. * R. M. Haywood: The Question of a Standard Gauge for Russian Railways, 1836-1860, Slavic Review, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Mar., 1969), pp. 72–80

External links

Short biography

{{DEFAULTSORT:Melnikov, Pavel Petrovich 1804 births 1880 deaths Civil engineers from the Russian Empire People from the Russian Empire in rail transport Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)