Therese Schwartze - Paul Joseph Constantin Gabriël

Paul Joseph Constantin Gabriël or Paul Gabriël (5 July 1828 – 23 August 1903) was a painter, draftsman, watercolorist, and etcher who belonged to the

Hague School The Hague School is a group of artists who lived and worked in The Hague between 1860 and 1890. Their work was heavily influenced by the Realism (visual arts), realist painters of the French Barbizon school. The painters of the Hague school genera ...

Biography

Gabriël was born in Amsterdam, the son of the sculptor and painter, Paul Joseph Gabriël. From 1840 until 1843 he was educated at the State Academy of Fine Arts in Amsterdam, where he was a pupil of Louis Zocher. The following year he went to the German town of Cleves, where

Barend Cornelis Koekkoek Barend Cornelis Koekkoek (October 11, 1803 – April 5, 1862) was a Dutch landscape artist and lithographer. Biography Early life: 1803–1824 Barend Cornelis Koekkoek was born on 11 October 1803, in Middelburg, Zeeland. He was the first and el ...

had founded a drawing academy. Later he returned to the Netherlands and studied with

Cornelis Lieste Cornelis Lieste (26 October 1817 - 24 July 1861) was a Dutch painter and lithographer. He specialized in Romantic style landscapes. Biography In 1835, his father enrolled him at the Vocational School, where he studied drawing with Jan Reeker ...

in Haarlem. Here he became acquainted with

Anton Mauve Anthonij "Anton" Rudolf Mauve (18 September 18385 February 1888) was a Dutch realist painter who was a leading member of the Hague School. He signed his paintings 'A. Mauve' or with a monogrammed 'A.M.'. A master colorist, he was a very signific ...

, with whom he was to work with often. In 1853 Gabriël moved to Oosterbeek, also called the 'Dutch Barbizon', where landscape painter

Johannes Warnardus Bilders Johannes Warnardus Bilders (18 August 1811 – 29 October 1890) was a Dutch landscape-painter; he was the father of Gerard Bilders (1838–1865) and a forerunner of the Hague School because of his connections with H.W. Mesdag, Jozef Israëls, ...

had gathered around him many young painters. The members of this group would later become central figures in the Hague School. In 1858, Gabriël introduced Anton Mauve to the area, who would return there ten years in a row and would become good friends with

Gerard Bilders Albertus Gerardus "Gerard" Bilders (9 December 1838 – 8 March 1865) was a Dutch landscape-painter, associated with some members of the Hague School, as Anton Mauve and Willem Maris. Biography Bilders was born in Utrecht, where he lived until ...

, the son of Johannes Warnardus. When Gabriël returned to Amsterdam to live, he had a hard time and moved to Brussels. There he was befriended by

Willem Roelofs Willem Roelofs (10 March 1822 – 12 May 1897) was a Dutch painter, water-colourist, etcher, lithographer and draughtsman. Roelofs was one of the forerunners of the Dutch Revival art, after the Romantic Classicism of the beginning of the 19th cent ...

and benefited from Roelofs' social position in the art world of Brussels. There he met

Hendrik Willem Mesdag Hendrik Willem Mesdag (23 February 1831 – 10 July 1915) was a Dutch marine painter. Biography He was born in Groningen, the son of the banker Klaas Mesdag and his wife Johanna Wilhelmina van Giffen. Mesdag was encouraged by his father ...

, also a student of Roelofs. Gabriël was also influenced by the painters of the

Barbizon School The Barbizon school of painters were part of an art movement towards Realism in art, which arose in the context of the dominant Romantic Movement of the time. The Barbizon school was active roughly from 1830 through 1870. It takes its name f ...

, whose works were regularly exhibited in Brussels. Helped by Roelofs' suggestions, he developed into a good landscape painter, with a clear palette. Gabriël's paintings stand out from the 'grey tones' for which the Hague School was famous because of his clear use of color. His work was less an impression of atmosphere than a consequence of the immediate effect of the sunny Dutch landscape. The more he looked at the Dutch landscape, the more color he perceived in it. He described the Dutch countryside as 'colorful, juicy, fat' and said 'Our land is not grey, even when the weather is grey.' From 1862 onwards, Gabriel regularly embarked on study trips to the Netherlands: first to Arnhem and Oosterbeek, in 1866 to Veenendaal, in the seventies to Abcoude and Vreeland, and from 1875 to the lakes around Nieuwkoop near Noorden. Around 1880, he spent the summers in Kortenhoef, on Kampereiland and in Giethoorn. He visited the places in Overijssel with

Willem Bastiaan Tholen Willem Bastiaan Tholen (Amsterdam, 13 February 1860 – The Hague, 5 December 1931) was a Dutch painter, draftsman and printmaker with some connections to members of the Hague School and later associated with the Amsterdam Impressionism movement. ...

. But it was only in 1864 that Gabriel would permanently return to the Netherlands. At that time he moved to Scheveningen, where he bought a house next to his student

Geesje Mesdag-van Calcar Geesje Mesdag-van Calcar (1850–1936) was a Dutch painter. She is known for her landscape, flower, and genre paintings. Biography Mesdag-van Calcar was born 2 July 1850 in Hoogezand. She attended the Academie Minerva in Groningen She also studi ...

. Together they painted still lifes with flowers. In this period he often painted the brook near Voorschoten, as well as in Broeksloot (1886), Oosterbeek (c. 1887), Kinderdijk and Heeze. In 1886, he stayed with the Mesdags at their home in Vries in Drente, where he made studies of the fields, barns and farms. In this period Gabriel also received recognition in the Netherlands. Museums purchased some of his important pieces, including 'The Pottery in Kampen', purchased by the

Gemeentemuseum Den Haag The Kunstmuseum Den Haag is an art museum in The Hague in the Netherlands, founded in 1866 as the Museum voor Moderne Kunst. Later, until 1998, it was known as Haags Gemeentemuseum, and until the end of September 2019 as Gemeentemuseum Den Haag. I ...

in 1890. In Kortenhoef one of his pupils was

Bernard van Beek Bernardus Antonie van Beek (30 January 1875, in Amsterdam – 3 March 1941, in Kortenhoef) was a Dutch landscape painter. He never attended an academy. He was part of the Kortenhoef School, a sub-movement of the Hague School and is thus in th ...

.See also Carole Denninger-Schreuder, pp. 78–79. Gabriel died 23 August 1903 in his home in Scheveningen.

Gallery

File:Paul_Gabriël_-_In_de_maand_juli.jpg, ''In the Month of July'' File:Paul_Gabriël_-_Boerderij_in_open_veld.jpg, ''Farmhouse in an Open Field'' File:Paul_Gabriël_-_Molen_bij_een_plas.jpg, ''Mill On a Lake'' File:Paul_Gabriël_-_Een_wetering_bij_Abcoude.jpg, ''A Watercourse at Abcoude''

Paintings in museums

* Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam * Rijksmuseum Paleis het Loo, Apeldoorn * Gemeentemuseum, Arnheim * Dordrechtsmuseum, Dordrecht * Rijksmuseum Twenthe, Enschede * Stedelijk Museum, Enschede * Stedelijk Museum, Gouda * Groninger Museum, Groningen * Teyler Museum, Haarlem * Van Rede Bequest, The Hague * Museum Mesdag, The Hague * Stadthuis, The Hague * Kasteel het Nuijenhuis, Heino * Singer, Laren * Zeeuws Museum, Middelburg * Jan Cunem Museum, Oss * Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, Otterlo * Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam * Raadhuis, Vorden

Selected bibliographies

* Denninger-Schreuder, Carole: ''De Onvergankelijke Kijk Op Kortenhoef - Een Schildersdorp in beeld'', Uitgeverij Thoth, Bussum, 1998, , pp 15–35. * Peters, Moniek and Tempel, Benno: ''Paul Joseph Constantin Gabriëlk 1828 — 1903, Colorist van de Haagse School'', Dordrechts Museum, Dordrecht, 1998, . * Sillevis, John and Tabak, Anne, ''The Hague School Book'', Waanders Uitgevers, Zwolle, 2004, pp 245–250.

References

External links

images of paintings and drawings by Paul Gabriël
in the RijksStudio of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
biography information on Paul Gabriël and other sources; in the Dutch Foundation RKD
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gabriel, Paul 1828 births 1903 deaths 19th-century Dutch painters Dutch male painters Hague School Modern painters Painters from Amsterdam 19th-century Dutch male artists