Constructing the ''passé simple''
Even though the ''passé simple'' is a common French verb tense, used even in books for very young French children, it is usually not taught to foreigners until advanced French classes. The ''passé simple'' is most often formed by dropping the last two letters off the infinitive form of the verb and adding the appropriate ending. The three main classes of French regular verbs (''-er'', ''-ir'', ''-re'') are conjugated in the ''passé simple'' tense in the following way: Several common irregular verbs: Many other irregular verbs are easily recognized because the ''passé simple'' often resembles the past participle. For example, ''il courut'' (he ran) is from ''courir'', for which the past participle is ''couru''. Some, however, are totally irregular. ''Naitre'' (to be born) has a past participle ''né'' and yet the ''passé simple'' is (for example) ''je naquis ... '' (I was born. ... )How the ''passé simple'' is used
The passé simple is used to express:Lang, M. and Perez I. (2004). ''Modern French Grammar. Second Edition''. Routledge. . * an event or action, of long or short duration, that is complete, and over, but not necessarily remote in time:''Le Général de Gaulle vécut 80 ans.''* a series of completed events, perceived as points in time:
General de Gaulle lived for eighty years.
''En 1991, l'équipe de France de tennis gagna la coupe Davis.''
In 1991, the French team won the Davis Cup.
'' ... l'image fut bonne ... cela parut pour son entourage l'essentiel ... on sentit tout de même ... son épouse lui fit signe de ... ''* in combination with and in contrast to the imperfect tense, which describes the background of the event or series of events:
... the impression was good ... that seemed to be the essential thing for his entourage ... they felt nevertheless ... his wife signalled to him to ...
''Puis, il tourna le robinet de l'évier, se lava les mains, s'essuya au linge accroché sous le grêle tuyau ... Et elle guettait ses moindres gestes ... ''
Then he turned on the tap, washed his hands, dried them on the towel hanging under the thin pipe. ... And she watched his slightest movement ...
Modern usage
While literary and refined language still uses the ''passé simple'', the standard ordinary spoken language has renounced ''passé simple'' for the ''passé composé'', which means that in spoken French, there is no longer a nuance between: ''Passé composé'' ''« Je suis arrivé. »'' ("I have arrived." I have come to town. I may have just arrived.) and ''Passé simple « J'arrivai. »'' ("I arrived." I came to town, but it is possible that I am not still here.)Local usage
In modern spoken French, the ''passé simple'' has practically disappeared, but localised French has its own variations, like this sample from ''Langue d' oïl'' in the North of France where "mangea" is replaced by "mangit": ''« Malheureux comme le chien à Brisquet, qui n'allit qu'une fois au bois, et que le loup le mangit. »''References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Passe Simple Grammatical tenses French grammar