The

bee Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyly, monophyletic lineage within the ...

subfamily Panurginae is a diverse lineage of 33 genera in 7 tribes. They are particularly diverse in the

New World The term ''New World'' is often used to mean the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3 ...

, though scarce in the tropics, and in the

Old World The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe , after Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia, which were previously thought of by the ...

they can be found primarily in the

Palaearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sibe ...

and

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

, but absent from

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

and tropical

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

. They tend to be associated with

xeric Deserts and xeric shrublands are a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Deserts and xeric (ancient Greek xērós, “dry") shrublands form the largest terrestrial biome, covering 19% of Earth's land surface area. Ecoregions in this h ...

or sandy habitats. The "facial foveae" of Panurgines are not broad, velvety depressions as in

Andreninae The bee subfamily Andreninae is a nearly cosmopolitan lineage, with most of its diversity in one genus, '' Andrena'', which contains over 1500 species. The remaining four genera in the subfamily only contain a total of 9 species. Females of three ...

, but reduced to grooves or pits at the upper margin of the eyes. The apex of the marginal cell of the wing is truncate, and the trochanteral

scopa ''Scopa'' (; literally "broom") is an Italian card game, and one of the three major national card games in Italy, the others being ''Briscola'' and ''Tresette''. It is also popular in Argentina and Brazil, brought in by Italian immigrants, mostly ...

is reduced. Panurgines also frequently have yellow markings in locations other than on the face, a feature not seen in any other subfamilies of

Andrenidae The Andrenidae (commonly known as mining bees) are a large, nearly cosmopolitan family of solitary, ground-nesting bees. Most of the family's diversity is located in temperate or arid areas (warm temperate xeric). It includes some enormous gene ...

. Most members of this subfamily are

oligolectic The term oligolecty is used in pollination ecology to refer to bees that exhibit a narrow, specialized preference for pollen sources, typically to a single family or genus of flowering plants. The preference may occasionally extend broadly to mult ...

, with highly specialized floral associations, especially in desert species.

Systematics

* Tribe Protandrenini ** ''

Anthemurgus ''Anthemurgus passiflorae'' (the passionflower bee) is a small (7.5-8.5 mm long), black, bee that occurs from central Texas to North Carolina and north to Illinois. Females of this solitary bee use collected nectar and pollen to feed larvae ...

'' ** '' Anthrenoides'' ** '' Chaeturginus'' ** '' Liphanthus'' ** '' Neffapis'' ** '' Parapsaenythia'' ** ''

Protandrena ''Protandrena'' is a genus of mining bees in the family Andrenidae. Depending upon whose definition of the genus one follows, there are anywhere from 50 to 180 described species in ''Protandrena''; traditional classifications recognize 7 subgener ...

'' ** '' Psaenythia'' ** ''

Pseudopanurgus ''Pseudopanurgus'' is a genus of mining bees in the family Andrenidae The Andrenidae (commonly known as mining bees) are a large, nearly cosmopolitan family of solitary, ground-nesting bees. Most of the family's diversity is located in tempe ...

'' ** '' Rhophitulus'' * Tribe

Panurgini Panurgini is a tribe of bees in the family Andrenidae. There are about 9 genera and more than 830 described species in Panurgini. Genera These nine genera belong to the tribe Panurgini: * '' Avpanurgus'' Warncke, 1972 * ''Camptopoeum'' Spinola, ...

** '' Avpanurgus'' ** ''

Camptopoeum ''Camptopoeum'' is a genus of bees of the subfamily Panurginae. Species Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created ...

'' ** ''

Panurginus ''Panurginus'' is a genus of bees in the family Andrenidae The Andrenidae (commonly known as mining bees) are a large, nearly cosmopolitan family of solitary, ground-nesting bees. Most of the family's diversity is located in temperate or arid ...

'' ** ''

Panurgus ''Panurgus'' is a genus of mining bees belonging to the family Andrenidae, subfamily Panurginae. Description ''Panurgus'' species are small to medium in size, reaching . Most species (subgenus Panurgus s.str.) are almost entirely black. The hai ...

'' * Tribe Nolanomelissini ** '' Nolanomelissa'' * Tribe Melitturgini ** '' Belliturgula'' ** '' Borgatomelissa'' ** '' Flavomeliturgula'' ** '' Gasparinahla'' ** '' Khuzimelissa'' ** '' Melitturga'' ** '' Meliturgula'' ** '' Mermiglossa'' ** '' Plesiopanurgus'' * Tribe Protomeliturgini ** '' Protomeliturga'' * Tribe Perditini ** ''

Macrotera ''Macrotera'' is a genus of bees native to North America, particularly diverse in the desert regions of the United States and Mexico. According to Wilson and Carril, there are "around 30" species of ''Macrotera''. ''Macrotera'' are small to med ...

'' ** '' Perdita'' * Tribe

Calliopsini Calliopsini is a tribe of mining bees in the family Andrenidae The Andrenidae (commonly known as mining bees) are a large, nearly cosmopolitan family of solitary, ground-nesting bees. Most of the family's diversity is located in temperate or a ...

** '' Acamptopoeum'' ** '' Arhysosage'' ** '' Calliopsis'' ** '' Callonychium'' ** '' Litocalliopsis'' ** '' Spinoliella'' ** '' Xeranthrena''

References

* C. D. Michener (2007) ''The Bees of the World'', 2nd Edition, Johns Hopkins University Press. Andrenidae Apocrita subfamilies {{Andrenidae-stub