Pangasinan (''Pangasinense'') is an
Austronesian language, and one of the eight major
languages of the Philippines
There are some 120 to 187 languages spoken in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification. Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages native to the archipelago. A number of Spanish-influenced creole varieties generally called C ...
. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of
Pangasinan
Pangasinan, officially the Province of Pangasinan ( pag, Luyag/Probinsia na Pangasinan, ; ilo, Probinsia ti Pangasinan; tl, Lalawigan ng Pangasinan), is a coastal province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region of Luzon. Its capit ...
and northern
Tarlac
Tarlac, officially the Province of Tarlac ( pam, Lalawigan ning Tarlac; pag, Luyag/Probinsia na Tarlac; ilo, Probinsia ti Tarlac; tgl, Lalawigan ng Tarlac; ), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. It ...
, on the northern part of
Luzon
Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...
's central plains geographic region, most of whom belong to the
Pangasinan
Pangasinan, officially the Province of Pangasinan ( pag, Luyag/Probinsia na Pangasinan, ; ilo, Probinsia ti Pangasinan; tl, Lalawigan ng Pangasinan), is a coastal province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region of Luzon. Its capit ...
ethnic group. Pangasinan is also spoken in southwestern
La Union
La Union (), officially the Province of La Union ( ilo, Probinsia ti La Union; Kankanaey'': Probinsyan di La Union;'' Ibaloi'': Probinsya ne La Union;'' pag, Luyag/Probinsia na La Union; Tagalog'': Lalawigan ng La Union),'' is a province in th ...
, as well as in the municipalities of
Benguet
Benguet (), officially the Province of Benguet ('';'' ; pag, Luyag/Probinsia na Benguet; ilo, Probinsia ti Benguet; ), is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the southern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region in the islan ...
,
Nueva Vizcaya
Nueva Vizcaya, officially the Province of Nueva Vizcaya ( ilo, Probinsia ti Nueva Vizcaya; gad, Probinsia na Nueva Vizcaya; Pangasinan: ''Luyag/Probinsia na Nueva Vizcaya''; tl, Lalawigan ng Nueva Vizcaya ), is a landlocked province in the ...
,
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija, officially the Province of Nueva Ecija ( tgl, Lalawigan ng Nueva Ecija , also ; ilo, Probinsia ti Nueva Ecija; pag, Luyag/Probinsia na Nueva Ecija; Kapampangan: ''Lalawigan/Probinsia ning Nueva Ecija''), is a landlocked province i ...
, and
Zambales
Zambales, officially the Province of Zambales ( fil, Lalawigan ng Zambales; ilo, Probinsia ti Zambales; Pangasinan: ''Luyag/Probinsia na Zambales''; xsb, Probinsya nin Zambales), is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon re ...
that border Pangasinan. A few
Aeta
The Aeta (Ayta ), Agta, or Dumagat, are collective terms for several Filipino indigenous peoples who live in various parts of the island of Luzon in the Philippines. They are considered to be part of the Negrito ethnic groups and share common ...
groups in Central Luzon's northern part also understand and even speak Pangasinan as well.
Classification
The Pangasinan language belongs to the
Malayo-Polynesian languages
The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples outside of Taiwan, in the island nations of Southeast ...
branch of the
Austronesian languages family.
Pangasinan is similar to other closely related
Philippine languages
The Philippine languages or Philippinic are a proposed group by R. David Paul Zorc (1986) and Robert Blust (1991; 2005; 2019) that include all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi, Indonesia—except Sama–Bajaw (languages ...
,
Malay
Malay may refer to:
Languages
* Malay language or Bahasa Melayu, a major Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore
** History of the Malay language, the Malay language from the 4th to the 14th century
** Indonesi ...
in
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
(as
Malaysian
Malaysian may refer to:
* Something from or related to Malaysia, a country in Southeast Asia
* Malaysian Malay, a dialect of Malay language spoken mainly in Malaysia
* Malaysian people, people who are identified with the country of Malaysia regard ...
),
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
(as
Indonesian
Indonesian is anything of, from, or related to Indonesia, an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It may refer to:
* Indonesians, citizens of Indonesia
** Native Indonesians, diverse groups of local inhabitants of the archipelago
** Indonesian ...
),
Brunei
Brunei ( , ), formally Brunei Darussalam ( ms, Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi alphabet, Jawi: , ), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its South China Sea coast, it is completely sur ...
, and
Singapore
Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, borde ...
,
Hawaiian in
Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only stat ...
and
Malagasy in
Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
.
The Pangasinan language is very closely related to the
Ibaloi language
The Ibaloi language (, ) belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages family. It is closely related to the Pangasinan language, which is spoken primarily in central and southern Benguet, and western Nueva Vizcaya and eas ...
spoken in the neighboring province of
Benguet
Benguet (), officially the Province of Benguet ('';'' ; pag, Luyag/Probinsia na Benguet; ilo, Probinsia ti Benguet; ), is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the southern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region in the islan ...
, located north of Pangasinan. Pangasinan is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages.
The other Pangasinic languages are:
*
Ibaloi
The Ibaloi (also spelled Ibaloy; Ibaloi language, Ibaloi: ''ivadoy'', ) are an Indigenous peoples of the Philippines, indigenous ethnic group found in Benguet Province of the northern Philippines.
''Ibaloi'' is derived from ''i-'', a prefix sign ...
*
Karao
*
Iwaak
*
Kalanguya/Kallahan
Geographic distribution
Pangasinan is the official language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of
Luzon
Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...
along
Lingayen Gulf
The Lingayen Gulf is a large gulf on northwestern Luzon in the Philippines, stretching . It is framed by the provinces of Pangasinan and La Union and sits between the Zambales Mountains and the Cordillera Central. The Agno River and the Balili ...
. The people of Pangasinan are also referred to as Pangasinense. The province has a total population of 2,343,086 (2000), of which 2 million speak Pangasinan. Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in the neighboring provinces of
Benguet
Benguet (), officially the Province of Benguet ('';'' ; pag, Luyag/Probinsia na Benguet; ilo, Probinsia ti Benguet; ), is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the southern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region in the islan ...
,
La Union
La Union (), officially the Province of La Union ( ilo, Probinsia ti La Union; Kankanaey'': Probinsyan di La Union;'' Ibaloi'': Probinsya ne La Union;'' pag, Luyag/Probinsia na La Union; Tagalog'': Lalawigan ng La Union),'' is a province in th ...
,
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija, officially the Province of Nueva Ecija ( tgl, Lalawigan ng Nueva Ecija , also ; ilo, Probinsia ti Nueva Ecija; pag, Luyag/Probinsia na Nueva Ecija; Kapampangan: ''Lalawigan/Probinsia ning Nueva Ecija''), is a landlocked province i ...
,
Tarlac
Tarlac, officially the Province of Tarlac ( pam, Lalawigan ning Tarlac; pag, Luyag/Probinsia na Tarlac; ilo, Probinsia ti Tarlac; tgl, Lalawigan ng Tarlac; ), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. It ...
,
Zambales
Zambales, officially the Province of Zambales ( fil, Lalawigan ng Zambales; ilo, Probinsia ti Zambales; Pangasinan: ''Luyag/Probinsia na Zambales''; xsb, Probinsya nin Zambales), is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon re ...
, and
Nueva Vizcaya
Nueva Vizcaya, officially the Province of Nueva Vizcaya ( ilo, Probinsia ti Nueva Vizcaya; gad, Probinsia na Nueva Vizcaya; Pangasinan: ''Luyag/Probinsia na Nueva Vizcaya''; tl, Lalawigan ng Nueva Vizcaya ), is a landlocked province in the ...
.
History
Austronesian speakers settled in
Maritime Southeast Asia
Maritime Southeast Asia comprises the countries of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and East Timor. Maritime Southeast Asia is sometimes also referred to as Island Southeast Asia, Insular Southeast Asia or Oceanic Sout ...
during
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of Pangasinan are descendants of these settlers, who were probably part of a wave of prehistoric
human migration
Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region). The movement often occurs over long distances and from one country to another (ex ...
that is widely believed to have originated from
Southern China
South China () is a geographical and cultural region that covers the southernmost part of China. Its precise meaning varies with context. A notable feature of South China in comparison to the rest of China is that most of its citizens are not n ...
via
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
between 10 and 6 thousand years ago.
The word ''Pangasinan'' means 'land of salt' or 'place of salt-making'; it is derived from the root word '','' the word for 'salt' in Pangasinan. ''Pangasinan'' could also refer to a 'container of salt or salted products'; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.
Literature
Written Pangasinan and oral literature in the language flourished during the Spanish and American period. Writers like Juan Saingan, Felipe Quintos, Narciso Corpus, Antonio Solis, Juan Villamil, Juan Mejía and María C. Magsano wrote and published in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinan officer of the Katipunan, wrote ''()'', a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wrote , a short love story. (Lingayen, Pangasinan: Gumawid Press, 1926)
Juan Villamil translated
José Rizal
José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (, ; June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino nationalist, writer and polymath active at the end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. He is considered the national he ...
's "
Mi último adiós
"Mi último adiós" ( en, "My Last Farewell") is a poem written by Filipino propagandist and writer Dr. José Rizal before his execution by firing squad on December 30, 1896. The piece was one of the last notes he wrote before his death. Another ...
" in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia edited , a news magazine, in the 1920s. He also wrote , a biography of Rizal. Magsano published , a literary magazine. Magsano also wrote , a romance novel. ''Pangasinan Courier'' published articles and literary works in Pangasinan. ''Pioneer Herald'' published , a literary supplement in Pangasinan. Many Christian publications in Pangasinan are widely available.
Many Pangasinan are multilingual and proficient in
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
,
Filipino
Filipino may refer to:
* Something from or related to the Philippines
** Filipino language, standardized variety of 'Tagalog', the national language and one of the official languages of the Philippines.
** Filipinos, people who are citizens of th ...
, and
Ilocano. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinan language. Many Pangasinan people, especially the native speakers are promoting the use of Pangasinan in the print and broadcast media, Internet, local governments, courts, public facilities and schools in Pangasinan. In April 2006, the creation of
Pangasinan Wikipedia was proposed, which the Wikimedia Foundation approved for publication on the Internet.
Phonology
Vowels
Pangasinan has the following vowel phonemes:
[
In native vocabulary, /i/ and /u/ are realized as ~ ɪ ~ ɛand ~ ʊ ~ ɔ The close variants are only used in stressed open syllables, while the open-mid variants occur in open and closed final syllables before a pause. The default variants occur in all other environments.][
Some speakers have /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ as distinct phonemes, but only in loanwords.][
]
Consonants
Pangasinan is one of the Philippine languages that do not exhibit []-[d] allophony, they only contrast before consonants and word-final positions; otherwise, they become allophones where [d] is only located in word-initial positions and after consonants & [] is only pronounced between vowels. Before consonants and word-final positions, [] is in free variation with alveolar trill, trill [r]. In Spanish loanwords, [d] and [] contrast in all word positions.
All consonantal phonemes except may be a syllable Syllable onset, onset or Syllable coda, coda. The phoneme is a borrowed sound and rarely occurs in coda position. Although the Spanish word 'clock' would have been heard as , the final is dropped resulting in . However, this word also may have entered the Pangasinan lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced , with the ''j'' pronounced as in French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
, resulting in in Pangasinan. As a result, both and occur.
The glottal stop is not permissible as coda; it can only occur as onset. Even as an onset, the glottal stop disappears in affixation. Glottal stop ''sometimes'' occurs in coda in words ending in vowels, only before a pause.
Grammar
Sentence structure
Like other Malayo-Polynesian languages
The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples outside of Taiwan, in the island nations of Southeast ...
, Pangasinan has a verb–subject–object
A verb () is a word (part of speech) that in syntax generally conveys an action (''bring'', ''read'', ''walk'', ''run'', ''learn''), an occurrence (''happen'', ''become''), or a state of being (''be'', ''exist'', ''stand''). In the usual descri ...
word order. Pangasinan is an agglutinative
In linguistics, agglutination is a morphological process in which words are formed by stringing together morphemes, each of which corresponds to a single syntactic feature. Languages that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative langu ...
language.
Pronouns
Personal
Noun affixes
Benton (1971) lists a number of affixes for nouns. Benton describes affixes in Pangasinan as either "nominal" (affixes attached directly to nouns) and " nominalizing" (affixes which turn other parts of speech into nouns). Benton also describes "non-productive affixes", affixes which are not normally applied to nouns, and only found as part of other pre-existing words. Many of these non-productive affixes are found within words derived from Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Cana ...
.
Writing system
Modern Pangasinan consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet and the Pangasinan digraph ''ng'':
The ancient people of Pangasinan used an indigenous writing system called Kuritan. The ancient Pangasinan script, which is related to the Tagalog Baybayin
(, ''pre-kudlít'': , ''virama-krus-kudlít'': , ''virama-pamudpod'': ; also formerly commonly incorrectly known as alibata) is a Philippine script. The script is an abugida belonging to the family of the Brahmic scripts. Geographically, it ...
script, was derived from the Javanese Kawi script
The Kawi or or Old Javanese script is a Brahmic script found primarily in Java and used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century.Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah 2020Proposal to encode Kawi/re ...
of Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
and the Vatteluttu
''Vatteluttu,'' popularly romanised as ''Vattezhuthu'' ( ta, வட்டெழுத்து, ' and ml, വട്ടെഴുത്ത്, ', ), was a syllabic alphabet of south India (Tamil Nadu and Kerala) and Sri Lanka used for writing t ...
or Pallava
The Pallava dynasty existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, ruling a significant portion of the Deccan, also known as Tondaimandalam. The dynasty rose to prominence after the downfall of the Satavahana dynasty, with whom they had formerly served as fe ...
script of South India
South India, also known as Dakshina Bharata or Peninsular India, consists of the peninsular southern part of India. It encompasses the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, as well as the union territo ...
.
The Latin script
The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern Italy ...
was introduced during the Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Cana ...
colonial
Colonial or The Colonial may refer to:
* Colonial, of, relating to, or characteristic of a colony or colony (biology)
Architecture
* American colonial architecture
* French Colonial
* Spanish Colonial architecture
Automobiles
* Colonial (1920 au ...
period. Pangasinan literature
Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...
, using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish and American
American(s) may refer to:
* American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America"
** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America
** American ancestry, pe ...
colonial period. Pangasinan acquired many Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Cana ...
and English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
words, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized. However, use of the ancient syllabary has declined, and not much literature written in it has survived.
Loanwords
Most of the loan words in Pangasinan are Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Cana ...
, as the Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than 300 years. Examples are ('place'), (from ''poder'', 'power, care'), (from , 'against'), (, 'green'), (, 'spirit'), and ('holy, saint').
Examples
Malinac ya Labi (original by Julian Velasco).
Modern Pangasinan with English translation
Words
# I – ,
# you (singular) – ,
# he – (he/she),
# we – , , , , , ,
# you (plural) – , ,
# they – ()
# this –
# that – ,
# here –
# there – ,
# who – , ,
# what –
# where –
# when – ,
# how – ,
# not – , , ,
# all –
# many – ,
# some – ()
# few –
# other –
# one – ,
# two – , ()
# three – , ()
# four – , ()
# five – , ()
# big –
# long –
# wide – ,
# thick –
# heavy –
# small – , , ,
# short – , , , , ,
# narrow –
# thin – ,
# woman –
# man – ,
# human –
# child –
# wife – , (spouse)
# husband – , (spouse)
# mother –
# father –
# animal –
# fish – ,
# bird – , (chick)
# dog –
# louse –
# snake –
# worm – (germ), (earthworm)
# tree – , (plant)
# forest – ,
# stick – ,
# fruit –
# seed –
# leaf –
# root –
# bark –
# flower – ,
# grass –
# rope – , ,
# skin – ,
# meat –
# blood –
# bone –
# fat (n.) – ,
# egg –
# horn –
# tail –
# place –
# go –
# nothing –
# feather –
# hair –
# head –
# ear –
# eye –
# nose –
# mouth –
# tooth –
# tongue –
# fingernail –
# foot –
# leg –
# knee –
# hand –
# wing –
# belly –
# guts –
# neck –
# back –
# breast – ,
# heart –
# liver –
# drink –
# eat – , ,
# bite –
# suck – ,
# spit –
# vomit –
# blow –
# breathe – , , , ,
# laugh –
# see –
# hear –
# know – ,
# think –
# smell –
# fear –
# sleep –
# live –
# die – ,
# kill – ,
# fight – , ,
# hunt – , , , (catch)
# hit – , ,
# cut – ,
# split – , , (half)
# stab – ,
# scratch – , ,
# dig –
# swim –
# fly (v.) –
# walk –
# come – , , ,
# lie – (lie down), (tell a lie)
# sit – ()
# stand –
# turn – ,
# fall – (drop),
# give – , ()
# hold –
# squeeze –
# rub – , ,
# wash –
# wipe –
# pull –
# push –
# throw –
# tie –
# sew –
# count –
# say – ,
# sing – ,
# play –
# float –
# flow –
# freeze –
# swell –
# sun – ,
# moon –
# star –
# water –
# rain –
# river – , , ,
# lake –
# sea – ,
# salt –
# stone –
# sand –
# dust –
# earth –
# cloud –
# fog –
# sky –
# wind –
# snow –
# ice –
# smoke –
# fire – , (blaze), (flame)
# ashes –
# burn – ,
# road – , (path)
# mountain –
# red – ,
# green – ,
# yellow –
# white – ,
# black – ,
# night –
# day –
# year –
# hot – ,
# cold – ,
# full – (), ()
# new –
# old –
# good – , ,
# bad – ,
# rotten – ,
# dirty – , , ,
# straight – ,
# round – , ,
# sharp – (),
# dull – ,
# smooth – , ,
# wet – ,
# dry – ,
# correct – , (true)
# near –
# far –
# right –
# left –
# at –
# in –
# with –
# and –
# if –
# because – ,
# name –
# smile – ,
# lolo –
# lola –
# beautiful – , ,
# true – ,
# wrong –
# odor –
# delicious – ,
# I love you – ,
Numbers
List of numbers from one to ten in English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
, Tagalog and Pangasinan
Cardinal numbers:
Ordinal numbers:
Ordinal numbers are formed with the prefix ''kuma-'' (''ka-'' plus infix ''-um''). Example: , 'second'.
Associative numbers:
Associative numbers are formed with the prefix ''ka-''. Example: , 'third of a group of three'.
Fractions:
Fraction numbers are formed with the prefix ''ka-'' and an associative number. Example: , 'third part'.
Multiplicatives:
Multiplicative ordinal numbers are formed with the prefix ''pi-'' and a cardinal number from two to four or ''pin-'' for other numbers except for number one. Example: , 'first time'; , 'second time'; , 'fifth time'.
Multiplicative cardinal numbers are formed with the prefix ''man-'' (''mami-'' or ''mamin-'' for present or future tense, and ''ami-'' or ''amin-'' for the past tense) to the corresponding multiplicative ordinal number. Example: , 'once'; , 'twice'; , 'thrice'.
Distributives:
Distributive cardinal numbers are formed with the prefixes ''san-'', ''tag-'', or and a cardinal number. Example: , 'one each'; , 'two each'.
Distributive multiplicative numbers are formed with the prefixes ''magsi-'', , or and a multiplicative cardinal number. Example: , 'twice each'; , 'each twice'.
Dictionaries and further reading
The following is a list of some dictionaries and references:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* Includes translations of English songs like "Joy to the World," and "What A Friend We Have in Jesus."
* The compilation has 20,000 entries.
*
*
* Traditional folk song.
See also
* Languages of the Philippines
There are some 120 to 187 languages spoken in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification. Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages native to the archipelago. A number of Spanish-influenced creole varieties generally called C ...
* Malayo-Polynesian
The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples outside of Taiwan, in the island nations of Southeast ...
* Pangasinan
Pangasinan, officially the Province of Pangasinan ( pag, Luyag/Probinsia na Pangasinan, ; ilo, Probinsia ti Pangasinan; tl, Lalawigan ng Pangasinan), is a coastal province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region of Luzon. Its capit ...
* Tarlac
Tarlac, officially the Province of Tarlac ( pam, Lalawigan ning Tarlac; pag, Luyag/Probinsia na Tarlac; ilo, Probinsia ti Tarlac; tgl, Lalawigan ng Tarlac; ), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. It ...
* La Union
La Union (), officially the Province of La Union ( ilo, Probinsia ti La Union; Kankanaey'': Probinsyan di La Union;'' Ibaloi'': Probinsya ne La Union;'' pag, Luyag/Probinsia na La Union; Tagalog'': Lalawigan ng La Union),'' is a province in th ...
* Pangasinan literature
References
External links
Pangasinan as a dying language
Bansa Pangasinan-English Dictionary
Pangasinan Wiktionary
Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
Sunday Punch
Sun Star Pangasinan
Pangasinan Star
Pangasinan: Preservation and Revitalization of the Pangasinan Language and Literature
Pangasinan language is alive and kicking (Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 8, 2007)
Pangasinan-Spanish Dictionary
by Lorenzo Fernandez Cosgata, published in 1865.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pangasinan Language
South–Central Cordilleran languages
Verb–subject–object languages
Agglutinative languages