Pan African Congress

The Pan-African Congress was a series of eight meetings, held in 1919 in Paris (1st Pan-African Congress), 1921 in London, Brussels and Paris (2nd Pan-African Congress), 1923 in London (3rd Pan-African Congress), 1927 in New York City (4th Pan-African Congress), 1945 in Manchester (5th Pan-African Congress), 1974 in Dar es Salaam (6th Pan-African Congress), 1994 in Kampala (7th Pan-African Congress), and 2014 in Johannesburg (8th Pan-African Congress) that were intended to address the issues facing Africa as a result of European colonization of most of the continent.

The Pan-African Congress gained the reputation as a peace maker for decolonization in Africa and in the West Indies. It made significant advance for the Pan-African cause. One of the group's major demands was to end colonial rule and racial discrimination. It stood against imperialism and it demanded human rights and equality of economic opportunity. The manifesto given by the Pan-African Congress included the political and economic demands of the Congress for a new world context of international cooperation.

Background

Colonial powers in Africa wanted native Africans to wait patiently for limited political concessions and better career opportunities. Due to their exclusion from the negotiations of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles – the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end – black ex-servicemen and educated urban classes became disillusioned. Because colonialism had been built on the foundation of capitalism, socialist ideas of equality and global collaboration appealed to these budding revolutionaries.

A letter from Jamaican writer and socialist Claude McKay to Leon Trotsky in 1922 refers to the experience of black soldiers:

1st Pan-African Congress

In February 1919, the first Pan-African Congress was organized by W. E. B. Du Bois and Ida Gibbs Hunt, wife of US Consul William Henry Hunt, who was at that time working at the American consulate in Saint-Étienne, France. Gibbs and Du Bois were seen as ambassadors of Pan-Africa.Dunstan, Sarah C. "CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The 1919 Pan-African Congress and the Wilsonian Moment." Callaloo, vol. 39, no. 1, 2016, pp. 133-150,234. . Also, Gibbs acted as the primary translator at the Congress. There were 57 delegates representing 15 countries, a smaller number than originally intended because British and American governments refused to issue passports to their citizens who had planned on attending. Their main task was petitioning the Versailles Peace Conference held in Paris at that time. Among their demands were that:
* The Allied Powers should be in charge of the administration of former territories in Africa as a Condominium on behalf of the Africans who were living there.
* Africa be granted home rule and Africans should take part in governing their countries as fast as their development permits until at some specified time in the future.

Delegates

Among the delegates were:
* Eliezer Cadet, Universal Negro Improvement Association
* Gratien Candace, Guadeloupe
* Blaise Diagne, Senegal, and French Commissioner General of the Ministry of Colonies
* William Jernagin, Washington, United States
* Charles D. B. King, Liberia
* Richard R. Wright
* Robert Russa Moton

2nd Pan-African Congress

In 1921, the Second Pan-African Congress met in several sessions in London, Brussels and Paris, during August (28, 29, and 31) and September (2, 3, 5 and 6). As W. E. B. Du Bois reported in '' The Crisis'' in November that year, represented at this congress were "26 different groups of people of Negro descent: namely, British Nigeria, Gold Coast and Sierra Leone; the Egyptian Sudan, British East Africa, former German East Africa; French Senegal, the French Congo and Madagascar; Belgian Congo; Portuguese St. Thomé, Angola and Mozambique; Liberia; Abyssinia; Haiti; British Jamaica and Grenada; French Martinique and Guadeloupe; British Guiana; the United States of America, Negroes resident in England, France, Belgium and Portugal, and fraternal visitors from India, Morocco, the Philippines and Annam." There was an Indian revolutionary who took part, Shapurji Saklatvala, and a journalist from the Gold Coast named W. F. Hutchinson who spoke. This session of the Congress was the most focused for change of all the meetings thus far. At the London session, resolutions were adopted, later restated by Du Bois in his "Manifesto To the League of Nations":

The only dissenting voices were these of Blaise Diagne and Gratien Candace, French politicians of African and Guadeloupean descent, who represented Senegal and Guadeloupe in the French Chamber of Deputies. They soon abandoned the idea of Pan-Africanism because they advocated equal rights inside the French citizenship and thought the London Manifesto declaration too dangerously extreme.

The Brussels sessions were hosted at the Palais Mondial.

3rd Pan-African Congress

In 1923, the Third Pan-African Congress was held in London and in Lisbon. This meeting was totally unorganized. This meeting also repeated the demands such as self-rule, the problems in the Diaspora and the African-European relationship. The following was addressed at the meeting:

* The development of Africa should be for the benefit of Africans and not merely for the profits of Europeans.
* There should be home rule and a responsible government for British West Africa and the British West Indies.
* The Abolition of the pretension of a white minority to dominate a black majority in Kenya, Rhodesia and South Africa.
* Lynching and mob law in the US should be suppressed.

Before the Congress met in London, Isaac Béton of the French Committee wrote a letter to Du Bois, telling him that the French group would not be sending delegates. However, in one of the reports he published in '' The Crisis'', Du Bois drew on words spoken by Ida Gibbs Hunt and Rayford Logan to imply that the French Committee had sent delegates. As long-time African-American residents of France, Hunt and Logan had travelled independently to the meeting, and Hunt and Béton were perturbed that Du Bois had implied they represented France.

4th Pan-African Congress

In 1927, The Fourth Pan-African Congress was held in New York City and adopted resolutions that were similar to the Third Pan-African Congress meetings.

5th Pan-African Congress

The Fifth Pan-African Congress was held in Manchester, United Kingdom, 15–21 October 1945. It followed the foundation of the Pan-African Federation (PAF) in Manchester in 1944. Adi, Hakim (2009), "George Padmore and the 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress", in Baptiste, Fitzroy, and Rupert Lewis (eds), '' George Padmore: Pan-African Revolutionary''. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers. The Congress took place at the Chorlton-on-Medlock Town Hall on the outskirts of the city centre. The building was decorated with the flags of the Ethiopia, and Liberia and the Republic of Haiti. These three black nations were the only ones under self-governance at the time. The Lord Mayor of Manchester, Conservative, Alderman W.P. Jackson, opened the Congress at the afternoon session on 15 October. John McNair, secretary of the Independent Labour Party also addressed the Congress.

Historian Hakim Adi writes in ''The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress Revisited'' that "The previous four Pan-African Congresses had been largely organised by the African-American writer and activist Dr W.E.B. Du Bois and the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP), based in the United States." According to Adi, "The ifthCongress was dominated by British-based organisations and activists" with Du Bois playing a minor role in the preparations.

The Fifth Congress is widely viewed by commentators as the most significant, being held just months after the end of the World War II.The War had been fought in the name of freedom, however around the globe, millions of Africans and Afro-Diaspora populations lived under European colonial rule. Historian Marika Sherwood writes in her book ''Manchester and the 1945 Pan-African Congress'': "In 1945, at the end of World War II, some 700 million people around the world lived under imperial rule. They were 'subject people', with no freedoms, no parliaments, no democracy, and no trade unions to protect workers."

Historian Christian Høgsbjerg writes in his essay "Remembering the Fifth Pan African Congress" that the aftermath of World War II gave rise to a "new mood of militancy among colonial Africans, Asians and West Indians." According to Høgsbjerg, many felt betrayed after being promised movement towards self-government if they fought for European colonial powers during the First World War – only to have such promises later denied. Høgsbjerg writes that "many were determined not to be fooled again.'' The Congress made demands for decolonization as well as condemning imperialism, racial discrimination, and capitalism.

George Padmore, Dr Peter Milliard and T. Ras Makonnen are viewed by commentators as the primary organisers of the Fifth Pan-African Congress.
 

Delegates

Historian Marika Sherwood writes in ''Manchester and the 1945 Pan-African Congress'' that “With the aid of the London-based League of Coloured Peoples, the PAF had asked organisations from the US, the West Indies, British West Africa, South Africa, Belgian Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan and South and Central America to send representatives.” According to Sherwood, “unfortunately many of these organisations were unable to send delegates.”

However, the Fifth Congress was unique in comparison to the four earlier Congresses. Historian Simon Katzenellenboggen comments that “Unlike the four earlier congresses, the fifth one involved people from the African Diaspora; not just Africans, but Afro-Caribbeans and Afro-Americans." Katzenellenboggen also points out that "There were a lot of people of African descent who were resident in Manchester that got involved. The 1945 Congress, although within the larger Pan-African movement that had started at the beginning of the century, was organised by people in Manchester, and they brought in the people from all over the world."

Commentators estimate that 87–90 delegates were in attendance at the Congress, representing some 50 organisations, with a total of 200 audience members present.

Marika Sherwood notes that "There were also eleven listed 'fraternal delegates', from Cypriot, Somali, Indian and Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) organisations, as well as the Women's International League and two British political parties, the Common Wealth Party and Independent Labour Party." According to Sherwood "Three unlisted Manchester 'fraternals' were Wilf Charles, Pat Devine and Len Johnson of the Communist Party. As far as known, of these fraternal delegates, only John McNair of the IPL and Surat Ali of the Federation of Indian Associates were allowed to address the delegates from the platform."

Historian Saheed Adejumobi writes in ''The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945''  that “While previous Pan-African congresses had been controlled largely by black middle-class British and American intellectuals who had emphasized the amelioration of colonial conditions, the Manchester meeting was dominated by delegates from Africa and Africans working or studying in Britain.”  Adejumobi notes that “The new leadership attracted the support of workers, trade unionists, and a growing radical sector of the African student population. With fewer African American participants, delegates consisted mainly of an emerging crop of African intellectual and political leaders, who soon won fame, notoriety, and power in their various colonized countries.”

Notable delegates in attendance include:
* Anti-colonial activist and politician Jomo Kenyatta who would later govern Kenya as its Prime Minister from 1963 to 1964. Kenyatta would become Kenya’s first appointed indigenous head of government. He played an important role in the transformation of Kenya from a British Colony to an Independent Nation.  
* The eminent sociologist, civil rights activist, historian, writer, and socialist Dr W. E. B. Du Bois. Du Bois is recognised as an important figure within the earlier Pan-African Congresses.
* Hastings Banda who would become the Prime Minister and later President of Nyasaland (modern day Malawi). Banda received an education in ethnography, linguistics, history, and medicine. He led Malawi to Independence in 1964.
*Kwame Nkrumah would later become the first Prime Minister and President of the Gold Coast (modern day Ghana) having led the country to Independence from Britain in 1957. As well as pursuing a higher education abroad and organising other diasporic Pan-Africanists – Nkrumah developed his own political philosophy.  
*Jamaican Pan-Africanist, politician, and diplomat Dudley Thompson.
* Nationalist, federalist, and later politician Obafemi Awolowo would play a key role in Nigeria’s Independence movement.
*Nigerian Pan-Africanist, lawyer, diplomat, politician and humanitarian Jaja Wachuku. Wachuku would be appointed the first Speaker of the Nigerian House of Representatives.
*South African born novelist, journalist, and political commentator Peter Abrahams.
*Black British boxer, communist, and activist Len Johnson.
* Jamaican Pan-Africanist and activist Amy Ashwood Garvey. Garvey directed the Black Star Line Steamship Corporation and co-founded (alongside her husband Marcus Garvey) the Negro World newspaper.

Issues addressed

Among the issues addressed at the conference were:

* "The Colour Problem in Britain", Including issues of unemployment among black youth; abandoned mixed-race children fathered by black ex-servicemen and white British mothers; racial discrimination, the colour bar and discriminatory employment practices. These topics were discussed at the first session of the Congress held on October 15, 1945, chaired by Amy Ashwood Garvey.
* "Imperialism in North and West Africa". All present demanded independence for African nations; delegates were split on the issue of having political emancipation first or control of the economy. Kwame Nkrumah advocated for revolutionary methods of seizing power as essential to Independence. From this session onwards the chair was taken by Dr W. E. B. Du Bois.
* "Oppression in South Africa". Including the social, economic, educational, health and employment inequalities faced by Black South Africans. All present expressed support and sympathy which included a number of demands outlined.
* "The East African Picture". Focusing on the issue of land, most of the best land had been occupied by White settlers; working conditions and wages for Africans reflected the same inequalities as South Africa. This session was open by Jomo Kenyatta.
* "Ethiopia and The Black Republics". Discussing the issue of Britain exercising control over Ethiopia although Emperor Haile Selassie had been restored to the throne; the United Nations not offering help to Ethiopia whilst Italy (which conquered Ethiopia in 1935 under a fascist regime) was receiving UN help.
* "The Problems in the Caribbean" This session was addressed by a number of trade union delegates from the Caribbean; some delegates demanded "complete independence", some "self-government" and others "dominion status".

Women's contributions

Women played an important role in the Fifth Congress. Amy Ashford Garvey chaired the opening session and Miss Alma La Badie, a Jamaican member of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, spoke about child welfare. Women also supported in behind-the-scenes roles, organising many of the social and other events outside the main sessions. Historians Marika Sherwood and Hakim Adi have specifically written about women involved in the Fifth-Congress.

Reception

The British press scarcely mentioned the conference. However, '' Picture Post'' covered the 5th Pan African Congress in an article by war reporter Hilde Marchant titled "Africa Speaks in Manchester", published on 10 November 1945. ''Picture Post'' was also responsible for sending John Deakin to photograph the event.

Archives

Archive material relating to the 1945 and the subsequent celebratory events in 1982 and 1995 are held at the Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Race Relations Resource Centre at Manchester Central Library. Len Johnson's papers at the Working Class Movement Library has records and documents from the 1945 Congress.

Commemoration

* Red Commemorative Plaque. It is suggested by commentators that Manchester community leader and political activist, Kath Locke, persuaded Manchester City Council to place a red plaque commemorating the Congress on the wall of Chorlton Town Hall.
* ''Black Chronicles III: The Fifth Pan African Congress''. Autograph ABP hosted the first exhibition showcasing John Deakin's photographs from the Fifth Congress. The exhibition marked the 70th anniversary of the Congress in 2015 and included film screenings exploring Pan-African history and ideals curated by June Givanni

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