''Palmoxylon'' (petrified palmwood) is an extinct genus of
palm
Palm most commonly refers to:
* Palm of the hand, the central region of the front of the hand
* Palm plants, of family Arecaceae
**List of Arecaceae genera
* Several other plants known as "palm"
Palm or Palms may also refer to:
Music
* Palm (ba ...
named from
petrified wood
Petrified wood, also known as petrified tree (from Ancient Greek meaning 'rock' or 'stone'; literally 'wood turned into stone'), is the name given to a special type of ''fossilized wood'', the fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation. ''P ...
found around the world.
Fossil record
This genus is known in the fossil record from the
Late Cretaceous
The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous Period is divided in the geologic time scale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous Series. The Cretaceous is named after ''creta'', the ...
to the
Miocene
The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...
(from about 84.9 to 11.6 million years ago). Fossils of species within this genus have been found in Germany, Italy (Sardinia), United States, Egypt, Libya and Argentina (
Bororó and
Salamanca Formation
The Salamanca Formation is a geologic formation in the Golfo San Jorge Basin of central Patagonia that yields well-preserved, well-dated fossils from the early Paleocene. Studies of these fossils are providing new data on plant and animal diversit ...
s).
[''Palmoxylon'']
at Fossilworks
Fossilworks is a portal which provides query, download, and analysis tools to facilitate access to the Paleobiology Database
The Paleobiology Database is an online resource for information on the distribution and classification of fossil animals ...
.org Many species were described from the
Deccan Traps
The Deccan Traps is a large igneous province of west-central India (17–24°N, 73–74°E). It is one of the largest volcanic features on Earth, taking the form of a large shield volcano. It consists of numerous layers of solidified flood ...
in
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
.
Distribution
A number of species from the
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of th ...
and
Cenozoic
The Cenozoic ( ; ) is Earth's current geological era, representing the last 66million years of Earth's history. It is characterised by the dominance of mammals, birds and flowering plants, a cooling and drying climate, and the current configura ...
have been described from the
Patagonia
Patagonia () refers to a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and gl ...
region of
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...
.
[Ottone E. G. 2007 "A new palm trunk from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina" '']Ameghiniana
''Ameghiniana'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering palaeontology published by the Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. It is named after the 19th century Italian Argentine palaeontologist Florentino Ameghino. The discovery of many ...
'' v.44 n.4 There have been a number of species reported from
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...
which are dated to the
Late Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', "daw ...
and
Early Miocene
The Early Miocene (also known as Lower Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Aquitanian and Burdigalian stages.
The sub-epoch lasted from 23.03 ± 0.05 Ma to 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago). It was prece ...
.
[EL-Saadawi, W., Youssef, S. G. & Kamal-EL-Din, M. M. 2004 "Fossil palm woods of Egypt: II. Seven Tertiary Palmoxylon species new to the country" ''Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology'' 129(4):199-211]
Specimens from the
Oligocene
The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the ...
epoch (34 - 23
mya) can be collected from many scattered sites in east
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...
and western
Louisiana
Louisiana , group=pronunciation (French: ''La Louisiane'') is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It is the 20th-smallest by area and the 25th most populous of the 50 U.S. states. Louisiana is borde ...
.
Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...
s found near fossil palmwood include
coral
Corals are marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria. They typically form compact colonies of many identical individual polyps. Coral species include the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and sec ...
s,
sponge
Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through t ...
s, and
mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...
s, indicating that the palms grew along prehistoric
beach
A beach is a landform alongside a body of water which consists of loose particles. The particles composing a beach are typically made from rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, etc., or biological sources, such as mollusc shel ...
es. For millions of years, the
Gulf Coast
The Gulf Coast of the United States, also known as the Gulf South, is the coastline along the Southern United States where they meet the Gulf of Mexico. The coastal states that have a shoreline on the Gulf of Mexico are Texas, Louisiana, Mississ ...
shoreline has been moving farther south.
In Texas and Louisiana, petrified palmwood is most common in the
Toledo Bend area, which is shared by both states. It was left by trees that grew when the
Gulf of Mexico
The Gulf of Mexico ( es, Golfo de México) is an oceanic basin, ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of ...
's shoreline was much farther north from its present-day position. In Louisiana, petrified palmwood is found in the parishes of Rapides, Natchitoches, Grant, and Sabine.
Description
Petrified palmwood includes a group of fossil woods that contain prominent rod-like structures within the regular grain of the silicified wood. Depending upon the angle at which they are cut by fracture, these rod-like structures show up as spots, tapering rods, or continuous lines. The rod-like structures are
sclerenchyma
The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither Epidermis (botany), dermal nor Vascular tissue, vascular. It can be divided into three types based on the nature of the cell walls.
# Parenchyma cells have thin primary walls and ...
bundles that comprise part of the woody tissues that gave the wood its vertical strength.
Petrified palmwood is a favorite of
rock collectors because it is replaced by
silica
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula , most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand. Silica is one ...
and exhibits well-defined rod-like structures and variety of colors. As a result, it exhibits a wide range of colors and designs when cut that can be incorporated into
jewelry
Jewellery ( UK) or jewelry (U.S.) consists of decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants, bracelets, and cufflinks. Jewellery may be attached to the body or the clothes. From a western ...
and other ornamental items. Because it is composed of silica, it is hard enough to polish and withstand the wear and tear of normal use.
Archaeology
In Grant Parish, Louisiana (and probably in other areas also), Native Americans used petrified palmwood to make projectile points and other tools such as knives, awls, and scrapers. Projectile points and other tools crafted from petrified palmwood have been discovered in central Grant Parish by H.R. Hicks and other Native American artifact collectors. It is the state stone of Texas and the official
state fossil
Most American states have made a state fossil designation, in many cases during the 1980s. It is common to designate one species in which fossilization has occurred, rather than a single specimen, or a category of fossils not limited to a single ...
of Louisiana.
[State Fossils](_blank)
/ref>
Species
There are more than 200 species assigned to the genus ''Palmoxylon'' at this time.
*''Palmoxylon araneus'' Nour-El-Deen, El-Saadawi & Thomas, 2018 (Paleogene; Jebel Qatrani Formation
The Jebel Qatrani Formation (also Gebel Qatrani) is a palaeontological and geologic formation located in the Faiyum Governorate of central Egypt.
Conformably overlying the Qasr el Sagha Formation. It is exposed namely between the Jebel Qatrani ...
, Egypt)
*''Palmoxylon arcotense''
*''Palmoxylon bhisiensis'' Dutta et al., 2007 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps
The Deccan Traps is a large igneous province of west-central India (17–24°N, 73–74°E). It is one of the largest volcanic features on Earth, taking the form of a large shield volcano. It consists of numerous layers of solidified flood ...
, India)
*''Palmoxylon blandfordi''Schenk, 1882 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps, India)
*''Palmoxylon bororense''
*''Palmoxylon chhindwarense'' Prakash, 1960 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps, India)
*''Palmoxylon colei'' (Eocene; Green River Formation
The Green River Formation is an Eocene geologic formation that records the sedimentation in a group of intermountain lakes in three basins along the present-day Green River in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. The sediments are deposited in very fine ...
, Eden Valley, Wyoming)
*''Palmoxylon compactum''
*''Palmoxylon concordiense''
palmoxylon millie-- very rare to find but was very common in the united kingdom during winter
*''Palmoxylon contortum'' (Eocene; Green River Formation
The Green River Formation is an Eocene geologic formation that records the sedimentation in a group of intermountain lakes in three basins along the present-day Green River in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. The sediments are deposited in very fine ...
, Eden Valley, Wyoming)
*''Palmoxylon dakshinense'' Prakash, 1960 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps, India)
*''Palmoxylon deccanensis Sahni, 1964 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps, India)
*''Palmoxylon dilacunosum'' Ambwani, 1984
*''Palmoxylon edenense'' (Eocene; Green River Formation
The Green River Formation is an Eocene geologic formation that records the sedimentation in a group of intermountain lakes in three basins along the present-day Green River in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. The sediments are deposited in very fine ...
, Eden Valley, Wyoming)
*''Palmoxylon elsaadawii'' Nour-El-Deen, El-Saadawi & Thomas, 2018 (Paleogene; Jebel Qatrani Formation, Egypt)
*''Palmoxylon eocenum'' Prakash, 1962 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps, India)
*''Palmoxylon geometricum''
*''Palmoxylon hislopi'' Rode, 1933 (Cretaceous, Deccan Traps; India)
*''Palmoxylon indicum''
*''Palmoxylon kamalam''Rode, 1933 (Cretaceous, Deccan Traps; India)
*''Palmoxylon lametaei'' (Maastrichtian
The Maastrichtian () is, in the ICS geologic timescale, the latest age (uppermost stage) of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or Upper Cretaceous Series, the Cretaceous Period or System, and of the Mesozoic Era or Erathem. It spanned the interval from ...
; Lameta Formation
The Lameta Formation, also known as the Infratrappean Beds, is a sedimentary geological formation found in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra, India, associated with the Deccan Traps. It is of Maastrichtian age (Late Cretaceous), and is nota ...
, Deccan Traps, India)
*''Palmoxylon livistoniforme''
*''Palmoxylon livistonoides'' Prakash & Ambwani, 1980 (Cretaceous, Deccan Traps; India)
*''Palmoxylon macginitiei'' (Eocene; Green River Formation
The Green River Formation is an Eocene geologic formation that records the sedimentation in a group of intermountain lakes in three basins along the present-day Green River in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. The sediments are deposited in very fine ...
, Eden Valley, Wyoming)
*''Palmoxylon mathuri'' Sahni, 1931 (Cretaceous, Gujarat, India)
*''Palmoxylon parapaniensis'' Lakhanpal et al., 1979 (Cretaceous, Deccan Traps; India)
*''Palmoxylon parthasarathyi'' Rao & Menon, 1964 (Cretaceous, Deccan Traps; India)
* ''Palmoxylon patagonicum'' (Paleocene, Patagonia, Argentina)
*''Palmoxylon pichaihuensis''
*''Palmoxylon pondicherriense''
*''Palmoxylon pyriforme''
*''Palmoxylon qatraniense'' Nour-El-Deen, El-Saadawi & Thomas, 2018 (Paleogene; Jebel Qatrani Formation, Egypt)
*''Palmoxylon queenslandicum''
*''Palmoxylon rewahense''
*''Palmoxylon riograndense''
*''Palmoxylon sagari''
*''Palmoxylon santarosense''
*''Palmoxylon superbum'' Trivedi & Verma, 1971 (Cretaceous, Deccan Traps; India)
*''Palmoxylon valchetense''
*''Palmoxylon vaterum''
*''Palmoxylon wadai'' Sahni, 1931 (Cretaceous; Deccan Traps, India)
*''Palmoxylon yuqueriense''
References
Further reading
* McMackin, C. E., 1984, "Petrified wood from east to west; some we've liked best." ''Lapidary-Journal''. vol. 37, no. 11, p. 1582-1588.
External links
Petrified Palm Wood (State Fossil) (Tertiary)
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7128439
Coryphoideae
Prehistoric angiosperm genera
Santonian genus first appearances
Late Cretaceous plants
Paleocene plants
Oligocene plants
Eocene plants
Miocene genus extinctions
Prehistoric life of Africa
Fossils of Egypt
Prehistoric life of Asia
Fossils of India
Prehistoric life of Europe
Fossils of Germany
Prehistoric plants of North America
Fossils of the United States
Prehistoric plants of South America
Riochican
Paleogene Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Fossil taxa described in 1882
Arecaceae genera