![COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Pakoe Boewono XII de Susuhunan van Solo in de kraton TMnr 60052129](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pakoe_Boewono_XII_de_Susuhunan_van_Solo_in_de_kraton_TMnr_60052129.jpg)
Pakubuwono XII (also transliterated Pakubuwana XII;
Surakarta
Surakarta ( jv, ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ), known colloquially as Solo ( jv, ꦱꦭ; ), is a city in Central Java, Indonesia. The 44 km2 (16.2 sq mi) city adjoins Karanganyar Regency and Boyolali Regency to the north, Karanganyar Regency and Sukoh ...
, April 14, 1925 – Surakarta, June 11, 2004) was the twelfth
Susuhunan
Susuhunan, or in short version Sunan, is a title used by the monarchs of Mataram and then by the hereditary rulers of Surakarta, Indonesia.
Additionally in Bali and Yogyakarta, so-called " Kings of kings" reigned with this title, while their k ...
(ruler of
Surakarta
Surakarta ( jv, ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ), known colloquially as Solo ( jv, ꦱꦭ; ), is a city in Central Java, Indonesia. The 44 km2 (16.2 sq mi) city adjoins Karanganyar Regency and Boyolali Regency to the north, Karanganyar Regency and Sukoh ...
) and the longest ruling of all monarchs in Surakarta history.
He reigned under
Japanese
Japanese may refer to:
* Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia
* Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan
* Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture
** Japanese diaspor ...
occupation during the
Second World War
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, and through the Sukarno and Suharto eras; in effect, three eras in which traditional Javanese power had been both respected and challenged.
Towards the end of his reign, he was able to stake the claim of his palaces' context in the modern Indonesia by the publication of ''Karaton Surakarta: A Look into the Court of Surakarta Hadiningrat, Central Java'' which was published in the same year of his death.
Early life
Born as Raden Mas Soerjo Goeritno (
Javanese script
The Javanese script (natively known as ''Aksara Jawa'', ''Hanacaraka'', ''Carakan'', and ''Dentawyanjana'') is one of Indonesia's traditional scripts developed on the island of Java. The script is primarily used to write the Javanese langu ...
: ꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦯꦸꦂꦪꦓꦫꦶꦠ꧀ꦤ), he was the son of
Pakubuwono XI
Pakubuwono XI (also transliterated as Pakubuwana XI; February 1 1886 – June 1 1945) was the eleventh Susuhunan (ruler of Surakarta) during the Second World War – and during the Japanese occupation of Java.
In his capacity as the eleventh Su ...
and his
queen consort, Kanjeng Raden Ayu Koesparijah (styled Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Pakubuwono). RM. Soerjo Goeritno also had a half-sister namely Gusti Raden Ayu Koes Saparijam (styled GKR. Kedaton).
In his childhood, RM. Soerjo Goeritno was educated in an
Europeesche Lagere School
Europeesche Lagere School (ELS) was a European elementary school system in what was then the Dutch East Indies during colonial rule. The schools were intended primarily for Europeans. The implementation of basic education at that time was diffe ...
(
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
primary school) near
Pasar Legi, Surakarta. He was nicknamed Bobby by his
friend
Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between people. It is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an "acquaintance" or an "association", such as a classmate, neighbor, coworker, or colleague.
In some cultures, the concept of ...
s. Some of his uncles, who was the same age with him, was also educated in this school. RM. Soerjo Goeritno was a friendly pupil and had a close friendship with his classmates without considering the social status. Since his childhood, he was fond of studying Javanese classical dances, especially Handaga and Garuda dances. He often recited
Quran
The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Classical Arabic, Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation in Islam, revelation from God in Islam, ...
with Mr. Tjondrowijoto, a teacher in Mambaul Ulum. He also liked
archery
Archery is the sport, practice, or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows.Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' p. 17 The word comes from the Latin ''arcus'', meaning bow. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In m ...
. Since 1938, RM. Soerjo Goeritno was forced to quit his education for 5 months, as he must follow his father who was mandated by
Pakubuwono X
Pakubuwono X (also transliterated Pakubuwana X, sometimes abbreviated PBX; Surakarta, November 29, 1866 – Surakarta, February 22, 1939) was the tenth Susuhunan (ruler of Surakarta).
Birth
His birth name ( jv, asma timur) was Raden ...
, his grandfather, to leave for the
Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
with other local monarchs in
Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...
to attend 40th
jubilee
A jubilee is a particular anniversary of an event, usually denoting the 25th, 40th, 50th, 60th, and the 70th anniversary. The term is often now used to denote the celebrations associated with the reign of a monarch after a milestone number of y ...
of
Queen Wilhelmina's coronation
A coronation is the act of placement or bestowal of a coronation crown, crown upon a monarch's head. The term also generally refers not only to the physical crowning but to the whole ceremony wherein the act of crowning occurs, along with the ...
.
After that, RM. Soerjo Goeritno continued his education to
Hogereburgerschool te Bandoeng (now became
SMA Negeri 3 Bandung
SMA Negeri 3 Bandung (also known as SMU 3 Bandung or SMA 3 Bandung) is a public high school located at Belitung street in Bandung, Indonesia. It shares a building with SMA 5 Bandung, consequently giving the schools the nickname SMA Belitung after ...
and
SMA Negeri 5 Bandung
SMA Negeri 5 Bandung (also known as SMU 5 Bandung or SMA 5 Bandung) is a public high school located on Jalan Belitung in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. It shares the same building with SMA Negeri 3 Bandung, consequently giving the schools the ...
) with some uncles. After being schooled for 2 years,
Pacific War
The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War, was the theater of World War II that was fought in Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and Oceania. It was geographically the largest theater of the war, including the vast ...
broke out, in which
Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan
The Imperial Japanese Armed Forces (IJAF) were the combined military forces of the Japanese Empire. Formed during the Meiji Restoration in 1868,"One can date the 'restoration' of imperial rule from the edict of 3 January 1868." p. 334. they ...
won against
Allies of World War II
The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during the Second World War (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. ...
, then Dutch East Indies
fell
A fell (from Old Norse ''fell'', ''fjall'', "mountain"Falk and Torp (2006:161).) is a high and barren landscape feature, such as a mountain or Moorland, moor-covered hill. The term is most often employed in Fennoscandia, Iceland, the Isle o ...
to
Empire of Japan
The also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was a historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the post-World War II 1947 constitution and subsequent fo ...
.
Pakubuwono XI asked him to left
Bandung
Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...
for Surakarta. On June 1, 1945, his father died. According to Javanese tradition, the heir must be the Pakubuwono XI's eldest son, Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Haryo Mangkoeboemi. However, the opportunity was closed as his mother, GKR. Kentjana (the first wife of Pakubuwono XI), had died in 1910, so she couldn't be appointed as queen consort when his husband was crowned. RM. Soerjo Goeritno subsequently became the heir despite being the youngest son, proven with the fact that he didn't attend his father's funeral in
Imogiri
Imogiri (ꦲꦶꦩꦒꦶꦫꦶ in Javanese script or ''Imagiri'' in standard Javanese spelling) is a royal graveyard complex in Yogyakarta, in south-central Java, Indonesia, as well as a subdistrict under the administration of Bantul Regency. Im ...
, in accordance with the tradition that an heir was prohibited to attend his predecessor's funeral.
Before ascending to throne, RM. Soerjo Goeritno was appointed as
heir apparent
An heir apparent, often shortened to heir, is a person who is first in an order of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person; a person who is first in the order of succession but can be displaced by the b ...
, styled KGPH. Poerbojo. Another version relates that his appointment was closely related to the role played by
Sukarno
Sukarno). (; born Koesno Sosrodihardjo, ; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
Sukarno was the leader of ...
, future
President of Indonesia
The President of the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Presiden Republik Indonesia) is both the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president leads the executive branch of the Indonesian government and is ...
. RM. Soerjo Goeritno was chosen as Pakubuwono XII because of his young age and ability to adapt into a new situation. Although a new king had been agreed on, a new problem emerged. His coronation plan was once opposed by Japanese colonial government, who stated that they didn't dare to guarantee the safety of future king.
Rule
War of Independence
RM. Soerjo Goeritno was crowned as Pakubuwono XII on June 11, 1945, approximately 2-months before
Independence of Indonesia
The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence ( id, Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia, or simply ''Proklamasi'') was read at 10:00 on Friday, 17 August 1945 in Jakarta. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of t ...
. Due to his young age, he was often accompanied by his mother, GKR. Pakubuwono (popularly known as Ibu Ageng or Great Mother), in carrying out his daily duties. Pakubuwono XII was often nicknamed as Sinuhun Hamardika, because he became the first Susuhunan of Surakarta who reigned in independence era.
After Proclamation of Independence, on September 1, 1945, he and
Mangkunegara VIII
Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya Mangkunegara VIII (Kartasura, 7 April 1925 – Surakarta, 2 August 1987) was an Indonesian politician. He came to power in 1944 and was the last ruler of Mangkunegaran, in Java, in modern Indonesia. He experien ...
separately issue royal decrees which congratulated to the newly founded Republic of Indonesia, 4 days before
Hamengkubuwono IX
Hamengkubuwono IX or HB IX (12 April 1912 – 2 October 1988) was an Indonesian statesman and royal who was the second vice president of Indonesia, the ninth sultan of Yogyakarta, and the first governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Hamen ...
and
Paku Alam VIII
Sri Paku Alam VIII (10 April 1910 – 11 September 1998) was Duke (''Adipati'') of Pakualaman serving the second Governor of Yogyakarta. He was the son of Paku Alam VII and ''Gusti Bendara Raden Ayu Retno Poewoso''. His child name was ''Gusti Rad ...
's decree. On September 6, 1945,
Surakarta Sunanate
Surakarta Sunanate ( id, Kasunanan Surakarta; jv, ꦟꦒꦫꦶꦑꦱꦸꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦁꦫꦠ꧀, ''Kasunanan/Karaton Surakarta Hadiningrat''; nl, Soerakarta) was a Javanese monarchy centred in the city of ...
and
Duchy
A duchy, also called a dukedom, is a Middle Ages, medieval country, territory, fiefdom, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess, a ruler hierarchically second to the king or Queen regnant, queen in Western European tradition.
There once exis ...
of
Mangkunegaran
The Duchy of Mangkunegaran ( id, Kadipaten Mangkunegaran) is a small Javanese princely state located within the region of Surakarta in Indonesia.
It was established in 1757 by Raden Mas Said, when he submitted his army to Pakubuwono III in Fe ...
were granted Special Region's Charter from President Sukarno.
During
Indonesian War of Independence
The Indonesian National Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcoloni ...
, Pakubuwono XII was awarded titular military rank of
lieutenant-general
Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a three-star military rank (NATO code OF-8) used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on the ...
from President Sukarno, which caused him often accompanying the president to observe some battlefields. Between October 12–13, 1945, Pakubuwono XII even led an assault to headquarter of
Kenpeitai
The , also known as Kempeitai, was the military police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1881 to 1945 that also served as a secret police force. In addition, in Japanese-occupied territories, the Kenpeitai arrested or killed those suspecte ...
in Kemlayan (now in
Serengan subdistrict A subdistrict or sub-district is an administrative division that is generally smaller than a district.
Equivalents
* Administrative posts of East Timor, formerly Portuguese-language
* Kelurahan, in Indonesia
* Mukim, a township in Brunei, In ...
) and Timuran (now in
Banjarsari subdistrict). He also led an assault to headquarter of Kido Butai in Mangkubumen (now in Banjarsari subdistrict).
The Netherlands who didn't consent to Indonesian independence attempted to violently seize their former colony. In January 1946, the capital of
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
should be moved to
Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta (; jv, ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ ; pey, Jogjakarta) is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, ...
because
Jakarta
Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...
had been occupied by the Dutch. In that time, Indonesian government was led by
Sutan Syahrir
Sutan Sjahrir (5 March 1909 – 9 April 1966) was an Indonesian politician, and revolutionary independence leader, who served as the first Prime Minister of Indonesia, from 1945 until 1947. Previously, he was a key Indonesian nationalist organiz ...
as
prime minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...
, aside from Sukarno as
head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona who officially embodies a state Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." in its unity and l ...
. As commonly occurred in a country, an opposition fraction who did not support the governmental system of PM Syahrir emerged, for example the group of General Soedirman.
As Yogyakarta became a capital, Surakarta who had been an old rival became center of opposition. The radicals namely
Barisan Banteng
The ''Suishintai'' ( ja, 推進体, Suishintai, Pioneer Corps, id, Barisan Pelopor) was the paramilitary youth wing of the '' Jawa Hōkōkai'' (ジャワ奉公会, "Javanese Service Society") which was formed in August 1944 by its leader Sukarn ...
(meaning "Ox Front" in
Indonesian
Indonesian is anything of, from, or related to Indonesia, an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It may refer to:
* Indonesians, citizens of Indonesia
** Native Indonesians, diverse groups of local inhabitants of the archipelago
** Indonesian ...
) led by
Muwardi deliberately abducted Pakubuwono XII and Sutan Syahrir as a protest to
government of Indonesia
The term Government of Indonesia ( id, Pemerintah Indonesia) can have a number of different meanings. At its widest, it can refer collectively to the three traditional branches of government – the executive branch, legislative branch and ju ...
.
Barisan Banteng successfully took control of Surakarta without being eradicated by Indonesian government due to Gen. Soedirman's protection.
Gen.
The Book of Genesis (from Greek language, Greek ; Hebrew language, Hebrew: בְּרֵאשִׁית ''Bəreʾšīt'', "In hebeginning") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. Its Hebrew name is the same as its i ...
Sudirman
General of the Army Raden Sudirman ( Old Spelling: Soedirman; 24 January 1916 – 29 January 1950) was a high-ranking Indonesian military officer during the Indonesian National Revolution. The first commander of the Indonesian National Arm ...
was even successful to persuade the government to abolish special status of Surakarta. Since June 1, 1946,
Sunanate of Surakarta
Surakarta Sunanate ( id, Kasunanan Surakarta; jv, ꦟꦒꦫꦶꦑꦱꦸꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦁꦫꦠ꧀, ''Kasunanan/Karaton Surakarta Hadiningrat''; nl, Soerakarta) was a Javanese monarchy centred in the city of ...
was only a
residency
Residency may refer to:
* Domicile (law), the act of establishing or maintaining a residence in a given place
** Permanent residency, indefinite residence within a country despite not having citizenship
* Residency (medicine), a stage of postgrad ...
within
Central Java
Central Java ( id, Jawa Tengah) is a province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in t ...
province
A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''Roman province, provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire ...
. The government was held by civilians, while Pakubuwono XII was merely symbolic.
Independence era
In his early rule, Pakubuwono XII was viewed as a ruler who failed in taking important role and using political situation of Indonesia, which caused his prestige lower than that of Hamengkubuwono IX of
Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta (; jv, ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ ; pey, Jogjakarta) is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, ...
.
Pakubuwono XII had actually attempted to regain special status of Surakarta. On January 15, 1952, Pakubuwono XII ever explained extensively about
Special Region of Surakarta
Surakarta ( jv, ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ), known colloquially as Solo ( jv, ꦱꦭ; ), is a city in Central Java, Indonesia. The 44 km2 (16.2 sq mi) city adjoins Karanganyar Regency and Boyolali Regency to the north, Karanganyar Regency and Suko ...
to the ministerial council in Jakarta. In that occasion, he explains that the government of special region couldn't overcome unrest and gnawing with armed threat, while the government of special region didn't have power apparatus. However, the attempt was stagnant without solution. Eventually, Pakubuwono XII left the
palace
A palace is a grand residence, especially a royal residence, or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word is derived from the Latin name palātium, for Palatine Hill in Rome which ...
to attend education in Jakarta in 1954. He appointed his uncle, KGPH. Koesoemojoedo, as his temporary representative.
In his reign, there were two catastrophes in
Surakarta Palace
Surakarta Sunanate ( id, Kasunanan Surakarta; jv, ꦟꦒꦫꦶꦑꦱꦸꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦁꦫꦠ꧀, ''Kasunanan/Karaton Surakarta Hadiningrat''; nl, Soerakarta) was a Javanese monarchy centred in the city of ...
. On November 19, 1954, the tallest building in palace complex, Panggung Sangga Buwana, was burned and most of the building, including the roof and decoration in the top of building, was destroyed. On January 31, 1985, the core of palace was burned down at 9.00 pm. The fire happened in Sasana Parasdya, Sasana Sewaka, Sasana Handrawina, Dalem Ageng Prabasuyasa, Dayinta, and Paningrat. The entire building, including the furnitures, was completely destroyed.
[Paku Buwono – Keraton Surakarta.]
/ref>
On February 5, 1985, Pakubuwono XII told President Soeharto
Suharto (; ; 8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian army officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving president of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a military dictator by international observers, Suharto ...
about the fire in Surakarta Palace. The president reacted by forming Committee 13 who was tasked to rehabilitate the palace. Hardjonagoro, a national cultural observer who was also Pakubuwono XII's friend, was one of the member of Committee 13. Surakarta Palace was fully rehabilitated after obtaining 4 million rupiahs from the government. The renovation of palace complex was finished and it was inaugurated in 1987.
On September 26, 1995, by Presidential Decree no. 70/SKEP/IX/1995, Pakubuwono XII was awarded Struggle Prize and Medal of Generation '45 from central government. The award was given as a form of honor for Pakubuwono XII as the first king in Indonesia to swear allegiance and stand behind the republic government in the early independence era. Pakubuwono XII also voluntarily contributed a half of his personal and royal wealth to central government in that era.
Although in his early reign, Pakubuwono XII was politically less successful, he still became the patron figure of Javanese culture. In reformation era, many national figures, such as President Abdurrahman Wahid
Abdurrahman Wahid ( ; born Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil; 7 September 1940 – 30 December 2009), though more colloquially known as Gus Dur (), was an Indonesian politician and Islamic religious leader who served as the 4th president of Indonesia, from ...
, still respected him as elder of Java.[Abdurrahman Wahid: Keraton dan Perjalanan Budayanya.]
from website Santri Gus Dur: Komunitas Pemikiran Gusdur
Death and succession
In the middle of 2004, Pakubuwana fell into coma
A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound, lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions. Coma patients exhi ...
and underwent intensive care in Panti Kosala Dr. Oen Hospital, Surakarta. Eventually, Pakubuwono XII was pronounced dead on June 11, 2004.[Solo: Paku Buwono XII Mangkat.]
from website Liputan6.com At the same time of the death of Pakubuwono XII, 2004 Indonesian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Indonesia on 5 July 2004, with a second round on 20 September. They were the first direct presidential elections in the country; prior to a 2002 amendment to the Constitution of Indonesia, the President and Vic ...
took place in Surakarta.
Upon his death in 2004, there was no clear heir as there was no official queen installed. Two of his sons who were half-brothers claimed the throne.
The older, Hangabehi, took control of the kraton (palace) and expelled his younger half-brother Tedjowulan. Each had himself crowned and they held separate tomb-sealing rituals for their father.
Family consensus has now acknowledged that Hangabehi is the rightful heir and is now titled SISKS Pakubuwono XIII.[Ganug Nugroho Adil,]
KGPH Tedjowulan: Reviving the place of Surakarta'
''The Jakarta Post'', July 4, 2012. On July 18–19, 2009, there was a ceremony in the kraton where the enthronement anniversary was conducted with the sacred Bedoyo Dance performed for the ceremony. The attendees consisted of various local and foreign dignitaries as well as Hangebehi's half-brother Tedjowulan.
In 2017, further developments of crowning Pakubuwono XIII
Sri Susuhunan Pakubuwono XIII (Javanese script: ꦯꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦪꦤ꧀ꦢꦊꦩ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦯꦶꦤꦸꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦑꦁꦗꦼꦁꦯꦸꦱꦸꦲꦸꦤꦤ꧀ꦦꦏꦸꦧꦸꦮꦤ XIII; born in Surakarta, June 28, 1948) has been the king o ...
resolved the 13-year long dispute.
Family
Wives
# KRAy. Mandojoningroem
# KRAy. Rogasmoro
# KRAy. Pradoponingroem
# KRAy. Koesoemaningroem
# KRAy. Retnodiningroem
# KRAy. Poedjoningroem
Children
# Gusti Raden Ayu Koes Handawijah/GKR. Alit
# Gusti Raden Mas Surjo Partono/KGPH. Hangabehi (later Susuhunan Pakubuwono XIII)
# GRM. Surjo Suprapto/KGPH. Hadi Prabowo
# GRAy. Kus Supijah/GKR. Galuh Kentjana
# GRM. Surjono/KGPH. Puspo Hadikusumo
# GRAy. Kus Rahmanijah
# GRAy. Kus Saparnijah
# GRAy. Kus Handarijah/GKR. Sekar Kentjana
# GRAy. Kus Kristijah
# GRAy. Kus Sapardijah
# GRAy. Kus Raspijah
# GRM. Surjo Suseno/KGPH. Kusumojudho
# GRAy. Kus Sutrijah
# GRAy. Kus Isbandijah/GKR. Retno Dumilah
# GRM. Surjo Sutedjo/KGPH. Tedjowulan
# GRM. Surjo Bandono/KGPH. Puger
# GRAy. Kus Partinah
# GRM. Surjo Suparto/KGPH. Dipokusumo
# GRM. Surjo Saroso
# GRM. Surjo Bandrijo/KGPH. Benowo
# GRAy. Kus Niyah
# GRM. Surjo Sudhiro/Gusti Pangeran Haryo Notokusumo
# GRM. Surjo Suharso/GPH. Madukusuma
# GRM. Surjo Sudarsono/GPH. Widjojo Sudarsono
# GRAy. Kus Murtijah/GKR. Wandansari
# GRAy. Kus Sabandijah
# GRAy. Kus Trinijah
# GRAy. Kus Indrijah/GKR. Aju
# GRM. Surjo Sutrisno/GPH. Surjo Witjaksono
# GRM. Nur Muhammad/GPH. Tjahjoningrat
# GRAy. Kus Suwijah
# GRAy. Kus Ismanijah
# GRAy. Kus Samsijah
# GRAy. Kus Saparsijah
# GRM. Surjo Wahono/GPH. Surjo Mataram
Military honours
* Titular rank of lieutenant-general (November 1, 1945)
* Satyalencana Perang Kemerdekaan I (August 17, 1958)
* Satyalencana Perang Kemerdekaan II (August 17, 1958)
* Award for Building Service of Indonesian War Force, issued by President Sukarno
Sukarno). (; born Koesno Sosrodihardjo, ; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
Sukarno was the leader of ...
on October 5, 1958
* Heroic Decoration in Guerilla Struggle in Defending Independence, issued by President Sukarno on November 10, 1958
* Awarded Indonesian Veteran Card on June 8, 1968.
References
Literature
* Ricklefs MC. 2001. ''A History of Modern Indonesia: 3rd Edition''. Palgrave and Stanford University Press.
* Purwadi. 2007. ''Sejarah Raja-Raja Jawa''. Yogyakarta: Media Ilmu.
External links
"Solo Journal; The Coffee Shop King, 80, With Ladies in Waiting,"
''NY Times'' December 5, 2002, by Jane Perlez
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakubuwono 12
1925 births
2004 deaths
Burials at Imogiri
Susuhunan of Surakarta
Indonesian royalty