Padri ( ) is a dialect spoken in the Padar valley in Kishtwar district in the Indian territory of

Jammu and Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir may refer to: * Kashmir, the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent * Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), a region administered by India as a union territory * Jammu and Kashmir (state), a region administered ...

. It belongs to the

Bhadarwahi Bhadarwahi is an Indo-Aryan language of the Western Pahari group spoken in the Bhaderwah region of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The name Bhadarwahi can be understood either in a narrow sense as referring to the dialect, locally known as Bhiḍl ...

group of dialects, and is classified as a member of the

Western Pahari The Western Pahari languages are a group of Northern Indo-Aryan languages that are spoken in the state of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir and parts of Uttarakhand and Punjab Languages The following lists the languages cla ...

branch of the

Indo-Aryan languages The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family. As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily ...

. It is much simillar to the

Pangwali Pangwali (Takri: ) is a Western Pahari language of Himachal Pradesh, India. It is spoken in the Pangi Tehsil of Chamba district, and is threatened to go extinct. Pangwali is natively written in the Takri script, but Devanagari is used as well. ...

language of Pangi, Himachal Pradesh. The Padar valley is about 80 km long, the terrain is rugged and mountainous, and the population is found mainly in scattered hamlets, with the main village being Atholi. The number of speakers, as of the 1981 census, stood at . Padri shares a large proportion of its vocabulary with other Western Pahari varieties (like Bhadarwahi,

and Siraji). There are two

genders Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to femininity and masculinity and differentiating between them. Depending on the context, this may include sex-based social structures (i.e. gender roles) and gender identity. Most cultures u ...

: masculine and feminine (there is no neuter). Nouns change for

case Case or CASE may refer to: Containers * Case (goods), a package of related merchandise * Cartridge case or casing, a firearm cartridge component * Bookcase, a piece of furniture used to store books * Briefcase or attaché case, a narrow box to c ...

, but not normally for number. However, some nouns do have plurals, which are formed using a variety of strategies: * 'boys' * 'leaves' * 'tongues' * 'girls' * 'walnuts'

Phonology

P.K. Koul mentions several series of "complex sounds". One such series consists of a consonant + ''y'' (for example 'to play', 'apple'), and another one involves a consonant + ''v'' (as in 'dog', 'to sort'), but it is unclear whether these are co-articulated consonants (involving palatalisation and

labialisation Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve ...

respectively) or merely sequences of two separate consonants. Another set of distinctive sounds (shared with neighbouring Bhadarwahi dialects, where they are even more widespread) involve a combination of a

retroflex stop In phonetics and phonology, a retroflex stop is a type of consonantal sound, made with the tongue curled back and in contact with area behind the alveolar ridge or with the hard palate (hence retroflex), held tightly enough to block the passage of ...

+ the lateral ''l'': ''ṭ͡lai'' 'three', ''niḍ͡l'' 'sleep', ''ḍ͡lau'' 'village'. These often correspond to clusters of a consonant + ''r'' in the ancestor language (compare the Sanskrit equivalents of the above three words: ''trīṇi-'', ''nidrā-'' and ''grāma-'').; .

References

Bibliography

* *{{cite book, last = Kaul, first = Pritam Krishen, year = 2006b, title = Pahāṛi and Other Tribal Dialects of Jammu, volume = 2, place = Delhi, publisher = Eastern Book Linkers, chapter = Pāḍrī, pages = 1–33, isbn = 8178541025, language = Hindi Originally published in ''Chandrabhāg Ṭaṭ kī Parvatīya Boliyāṃ''

977 Year 977 ( CMLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * May – Boris II, dethroned emperor (''tsar'') of Bulgaria, and his brother Roman ma ...

Languages of Jammu and Kashmir Indo-Aryan languages Endangered languages of India