''Pachychilus'',
common name
In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...
the jute snails, is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
freshwater snail
Freshwater snails are gastropod mollusks which live in fresh water. There are many different families. They are found throughout the world in various habitats, ranging from ephemeral pools to the largest lakes, and from small seeps and springs ...
s with an
operculum,
aquatic gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...
mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...
in the family
Pachychilidae
Pachychilidae, common name pachychilids, is a taxonomic family of freshwater snails, gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha.Gofas, S. (2014). Pachychilidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ ...
.
''Pachychilus'' is the
type genus of the family Pachychilidae.
Distribution
The distribution of species in the genus ''Pachychilus'' includes:
*
Cuba
Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
(2 species),
Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
,
Belize
Belize (; bzj, Bileez) is a Caribbean and Central American country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a wate ...
,
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
, and others.
Species
Species within the genus ''Pachychilus'' include:
* † ''
Pachychilus anagrammatus'' Dall, 1913
* ''
Pachychilus apheles'' F. G. Thompson, 1967
* ''
Pachychilus apis'' (I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851)
* ''
Pachychilus atratus'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910
* † ''
Pachychilus caboblanquensis'' Weisbord, 1962
* † ''
Pachychilus cancelloides'' (Aldrich, 1911)
* † ''
Pachychilus canoasensis'' Olsson, 1931
* ''
Pachychilus chrysalis'' (Brot, 1872)
* ''
Pachychilus cinereus'' (Morelet, 1849)
* ''
Pachychilus conicus'' (d'Orbigny, 1842)
* ''
Pachychilus corpulentus
''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae.
''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae.
Distribution
The distrib ...
'' F. G. Thompson, 1967
* ''
Pachychilus corvinus'' (Morelet, 1849)
* ''
Pachychilus cumingii'' I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851
* ''
Pachychilus dalli'' Pilsbry, 1896
* † ''
Pachychilus dimorphica'' (Woods, 1922)
* ''
Pachychilus explicatus'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1892
* ''
Pachychilus fuentesi'' Aguayo, 1936
* † ''
Pachychilus fulvus'' Garvie, 2013 †
* ''
Pachychilus gassiesii'' (Reeve, 1860)
* ''
Pachychilus glaphyrus'' (Morelet, 1849)
* ''
Pachychilus godmanni'' (Tristram, 1863)
* ''
Pachychilus gracilis
''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae.
''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae.
Distribution
The dist ...
'' Tristram, 1864
* † ''
Pachychilus gracillimus'' (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1935)
* ''
Pachychilus graphium'' (Morelet, 1849)
* ''
Pachychilus hellerii'' (Brot, 1872)
* ''
Pachychilus hinkleyi'' (W. B. Marshall, 1920)
* ''
Pachychilus humerosus'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910
* ''
Pachychilus immanis'' (Morelet, 1851)
* ''
Pachychilus indiorum'' (Morelet, 1849
* ''
Pachychilus intermedius'' (von dem Busch, 1844)
* ''
Pachychilus jansoni'' H. Adams, 1871
* ''
Pachychilus lacustris'' (Morelet, 1849)
* ''
Pachychilus laevisimus
''Pachychilus laevissimus'' is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae.
Distribution
This species occurs in Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Repub ...
'' (G.B. Sowerby I, 1824)
* ''
Pachychilus largillierti'' (Philippi, 1843)
* ''
Pachychilus larvatus'' (Brot, 1877)
* ''
Pachychilus liebmanni'' (Philippi, 1848)
* ''
Pachychilus moctezumensis'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910
* ''
Pachychilus monachus'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910
* ''
Pachychilus nigratus'' (Poey, 1858) - endemic to
Villa Clara, Cuba
[Vázquez A. A. & Perera S. (2010). "Endemic Freshwater molluscs of Cuba and their conservation status". '']Tropical Conservation Science
Mongabay (mongabay.com) is a conservation news web portal that reports on environmental science, energy, and green design, and features extensive information on tropical rainforests, including pictures and deforestation statistics for countries ...
'' 3(2): 190-199
HTMPDF
* ''
Pachychilus obeliscus'' (Reeve, 1861)
* ''
Pachychilus oerstedii'' Mörch, 1861
* ''
Pachychilus olssoni'' Pilsbry, 1950
* ''
Pachychilus panucula'' (Morelet, 1851)
* ''
Pachychilus pasionensis'' Pilsbry, 1956
* ''
Pachychilus pilsbryi'' E. von Martens, 1899
* ''
Pachychilus planensis'' (I. Lea, 1858)
* ''
Pachychilus pleurotoma'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910
* ''
Pachychilus pluristriatus'' (Say, 1831)
* ''
Pachychilus polygonatus'' (I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851)
* ''
Pachychilus potomarchus'' Pilsbry, 1893
* ''
Pachychilus pottsianus'' Hinkley, 1920
* ''
Pachychilus pyramidalis'' (Morelet, 1849)
* ''
Pachychilus radix'' (Brot, 1872)
* ''
Pachychilus rasconensis'' Thiele, 1928
* ''
Pachychilus rivorosai'' Pilsbry, 1893
* ''
Pachychilus rubidus'' (I. Lea, 1857)
* ''
Pachychilus rusticulus'' (von dem Busch, 1858)
* ''
Pachychilus salvini'' (Tristram, 1863)
* ''
Pachychilus sargi'' (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1875)
* † ''
Pachychilus satillensis'' (Aldrich, 1911)
* ''
Pachychilus saussurei'' (Brot, 1860)
* ''
Pachychilus schiedeanus'' (Philippi, 1843)
* ''
Pachychilus schumoi'' Pilsbry, 1931
* ''
Pachychilus subexaratus'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1891
* ''
Pachychilus subnodosus'' (Philippi, 1847)
* ''
Pachychilus suturalis'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910
* † ''
Pachychilus tarataranoides'' (O. Haas, 1942)
* † ''
Pachychilus terebriformis'' (J. Morris, 1859)
* ''
Pachychilus tristis'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910
* ''
Pachychilus turati'' (A. Villa & G. B. Villa, 1854)
* ''
Pachychilus vallesensis'' Hinkley, 1907
subgenus ''
Pachychiloides'' Wenz, 1939
* † ''
Pachychilus lawtoni'' Perrilliat, Vega, Espinosa & Naranjo-Garcia, 2008
[Perrilliat M. D. C., Vega F. J., Espinosa B. & Naranjo-Garcia E. (2008). "Late Cretaceous and Paleogene Freshwater Gastropods from Northeastern Mexico". '']Journal of Paleontology
The ''Journal of Paleontology'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the field of paleontology. It is published by the Paleontological Society.
Indexing
The ''Journal of Paleontology'' is indexed in:
*BIOSIS Previews
*Science Citatio ...
'' 82(2): 255-266. . - fossil from Northeastern Mexico
;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Pachychilus aquatilis'' (Reeve, 1859): synonym of ''
Doryssa aquatilis'' (Reeve, 1859)
* ''Pachychilus drakei'' Arnold & Hannibal in Hannibal, 1912 †: synonym of ''
Goniobasis drakei'' (Arnold & Hannibal in Hannibal, 1912) † (new combination)
* ''Pachychilus glaphyra'' (Morelet, 1849): synonym of ''Pachychilus glaphyrus'' (Morelet, 1849) (incorrect gender of species epithet)
* ''Pachychilus indifferens'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1891: synonym of ''Pachychilus corvinus indifferens'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1891 (unaccepted rank)
* ''Pachychilus lawsoni'' Hannibal, 1912 †: synonym of ''
Lymnaea lawsoni
''Lymnaea'' is a genus of small to large-sized air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Lymnaeinae ( of the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.Bouchet, P.; Rosenberg, G. (2013). Lymnaea Lamarck, 179 ...
'' (Hannibal, 1912) † (new combination)
* ''Pachychilus parvum'' I. Lea, 1857: synonym of ''
Rehderiella parva'' (I. Lea, 1857) (original combination)
* ''Pachychilus pila'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910: synonym of ''
Amnipila pila'' (Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910) (original combination)
* ''Pachychilus renovatus'' (Brot, 1862): synonym of ''Pachychilus cumingii'' I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 (replacement name for Pachychilus cumingii I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 as a secondary homonym)
* ''Pachychilus reticancellata''
ic†: synonym of ''Pachychilus recticancellata'' (Kobayashi & Suzuki, 1939) † (incorrect subsequent spelling)
* ''Pachychilus suavis'' Dall, 1913 †: synonym of ''
Goniobasis suavis'' (Dall, 1913) †
* ''Pachychilus tristrami'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1892: synonym of ''Pachychilus gracilis'' Tristram, 1864 (invalid: unnecessary replacement name for ''Pachychilus gracilis'')
* ''Pachychilus violaceus''
(Preston, 1911) - endemic to the area from
Santiago de Cuba to
Baracoa, Cuba:
synonym of ''Pachychilus nigratus''
(Poey, 1858) (junior synonym)
* ''Pachychilus vulneratus'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1892: synonym of ''Pachychilus chrysalis'' (Brot, 1872) (junior synonym)
Human use
One of the
Maya peoples
The Maya peoples () are an ethnolinguistic group of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. The ancient Maya civilization was formed by members of this group, and today's Maya are generally descended from people ...
, the
Lacandon people, now
Mexico's native peoples from state
Chiapas
Chiapas (; Tzotzil language, Tzotzil and Tzeltal language, Tzeltal: ''Chyapas'' ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas), is one of the states that make up the Political divisions of Mexico, ...
, use the Chiapas species
Pachychilus indiorum, known locally as "t’unu", as a type of protein supplement to their diet when animal protein is unavailable.
[Nations J. D. (1979). ''Snail Shells and Maize Preparation: A Lacandon Maya Analogy''. American Antiquity 44.3: 568-571.] In addition, the
shells from this "chuti" snail have great nutritional value, as they provide
calcium
Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to ...
and slaked
lime
Lime commonly refers to:
* Lime (fruit), a green citrus fruit
* Lime (material), inorganic materials containing calcium, usually calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide
* Lime (color), a color between yellow and green
Lime may also refer to:
Botany ...
when burnt. They are often preferred as a lime source over local limestone or other freshwater snail species for their purity as an alkali. The slaked lime is added to
maize
Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. Th ...
during the process of making maize dough for tortillas, pozole, and other foods. Slaked lime allows the release of
amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although hundreds of amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the alpha-amino acids, which comprise proteins. Only 22 alpha am ...
s such as
tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W)
is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α- carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromatic ...
and
lysine
Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −C ...
and the vitamin
niacin
Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound and a form of vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient. It can be manufactured by plants and animals from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin is obtained in the diet from a variet ...
, which would otherwise be unavailable from the maize (unable to be metabolized) if the lime were not added.
References
External links
Lea, I.; Lea, H. C. (1851). Description of a new genus of the family Melaniana, and of many new species of the genus Melania, chiefly collected by Hugh Cuming, Esq., during his zoological voyage in the East , and now first described. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 18: 179-197 Pilsbry, H. A. (1893). Notes on a collection of shells from the State of Tabasco, Mexico. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 44: 338-341, pl. 14Fischer, P. & Crosse, H. (1870-1902). Études sur les mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles du Mexique et du Guatemala. Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale. Recherches zoologiques, Partie 7 Volume 1: 702 pp., pls 1-31; volume 2: 731 pp., pls 32-72. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. Published in 17 livraisons
{{Commons category
Pachychilus
Taxa named by Isaac Lea
Gastropod genera