''Pachychilus'',

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...

the jute snails, is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

freshwater snail Freshwater snails are gastropod mollusks which live in fresh water. There are many different families. They are found throughout the world in various habitats, ranging from ephemeral pools to the largest lakes, and from small seeps and springs ...

s with an operculum, aquatic

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

in the family

Pachychilidae Pachychilidae, common name pachychilids, is a taxonomic family of freshwater snails, gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha.Gofas, S. (2014). Pachychilidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ ...

. ''Pachychilus'' is the

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nominal f ...

of the family Pachychilidae.

Distribution

The distribution of species in the genus ''Pachychilus'' includes: *

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(2 species),

Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...

Belize Belize (; bzj, Bileez) is a Caribbean and Central American country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a wate ...

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

, and others.

Species

Species within the genus ''Pachychilus'' include: * † ''

Pachychilus anagrammatus ''Pachychilus anagrammatus'' was a species of freshwater snail during the Pliocene or Upper Miocene that lived in what is now Texas Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. ...

'' Dall, 1913 * ''

Pachychilus apheles ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' F. G. Thompson, 1967 * ''

Pachychilus apis ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851) * ''

Pachychilus atratus ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910 * † ''

Pachychilus caboblanquensis ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' Weisbord, 1962 * † ''

Pachychilus cancelloides ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (Aldrich, 1911) * † ''

Pachychilus canoasensis ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' Olsson, 1931 * ''

Pachychilus chrysalis ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (Brot, 1872) * ''

Pachychilus cinereus ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (Morelet, 1849) * ''

Pachychilus conicus ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1842) * ''

Pachychilus corpulentus ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The dist ...

'' F. G. Thompson, 1967 * '' Pachychilus corvinus'' (Morelet, 1849) * ''

Pachychilus cumingii ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 * ''

Pachychilus dalli ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' Pilsbry, 1896 * † ''

Pachychilus dimorphica ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (Woods, 1922) * ''

Pachychilus explicatus ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1892 * '' Pachychilus fuentesi'' Aguayo, 1936 * † '' Pachychilus fulvus'' Garvie, 2013 † * '' Pachychilus gassiesii'' (Reeve, 1860) * ''

Pachychilus glaphyrus ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (Morelet, 1849) * '' Pachychilus godmanni'' (Tristram, 1863) * ''

Pachychilus gracilis ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The dist ...

'' Tristram, 1864 * † '' Pachychilus gracillimus'' (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1935) * '' Pachychilus graphium'' (Morelet, 1849) * '' Pachychilus hellerii'' (Brot, 1872) * ''

Pachychilus hinkleyi ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (W. B. Marshall, 1920) * '' Pachychilus humerosus'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910 * '' Pachychilus immanis'' (Morelet, 1851) * '' Pachychilus indiorum'' (Morelet, 1849

* ''

Pachychilus intermedius ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (von dem Busch, 1844) * ''

Pachychilus jansoni ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' H. Adams, 1871 * '' Pachychilus lacustris'' (Morelet, 1849) * ''

Pachychilus laevisimus ''Pachychilus laevissimus'' is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. Distribution This species occurs in Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Repub ...

'' (G.B. Sowerby I, 1824) * '' Pachychilus largillierti'' (Philippi, 1843) * ''

Pachychilus larvatus ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (Brot, 1877) * '' Pachychilus liebmanni'' (Philippi, 1848) * '' Pachychilus moctezumensis'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910 * '' Pachychilus monachus'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910 * '' Pachychilus nigratus'' (Poey, 1858) - endemic to Villa Clara, CubaVázquez A. A. & Perera S. (2010). "Endemic Freshwater molluscs of Cuba and their conservation status". ''

Tropical Conservation Science Mongabay (mongabay.com) is a conservation news web portal that reports on environmental science, energy, and green design, and features extensive information on tropical rainforests, including pictures and deforestation statistics for countries ...

'' 3(2): 190-199
HTMPDF
* '' Pachychilus obeliscus'' (Reeve, 1861) * '' Pachychilus oerstedii'' Mörch, 1861 * '' Pachychilus olssoni'' Pilsbry, 1950 * '' Pachychilus panucula'' (Morelet, 1851) * '' Pachychilus pasionensis'' Pilsbry, 1956 * '' Pachychilus pilsbryi'' E. von Martens, 1899 * '' Pachychilus planensis'' (I. Lea, 1858) * '' Pachychilus pleurotoma'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910 * ''

Pachychilus pluristriatus ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (Say, 1831) * '' Pachychilus polygonatus'' (I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851) * '' Pachychilus potomarchus'' Pilsbry, 1893 * '' Pachychilus pottsianus'' Hinkley, 1920 * '' Pachychilus pyramidalis'' (Morelet, 1849) * '' Pachychilus radix'' (Brot, 1872) * '' Pachychilus rasconensis'' Thiele, 1928 * '' Pachychilus rivorosai'' Pilsbry, 1893 * ''

Pachychilus rubidus ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (I. Lea, 1857) * '' Pachychilus rusticulus'' (von dem Busch, 1858) * '' Pachychilus salvini'' (Tristram, 1863) * ''

Pachychilus sargi ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1875) * † ''

Pachychilus satillensis ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (Aldrich, 1911) * ''

Pachychilus saussurei ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (Brot, 1860) * '' Pachychilus schiedeanus'' (Philippi, 1843) * ''

Pachychilus schumoi ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' Pilsbry, 1931 * '' Pachychilus subexaratus'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1891 * ''

Pachychilus subnodosus ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' (Philippi, 1847) * '' Pachychilus suturalis'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910 * † '' Pachychilus tarataranoides'' (O. Haas, 1942) * † '' Pachychilus terebriformis'' (J. Morris, 1859) * '' Pachychilus tristis'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910 * '' Pachychilus turati'' (A. Villa & G. B. Villa, 1854) * ''

Pachychilus vallesensis ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' Hinkley, 1907 subgenus '' Pachychiloides'' Wenz, 1939 * † ''

Pachychilus lawtoni ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

'' Perrilliat, Vega, Espinosa & Naranjo-Garcia, 2008Perrilliat M. D. C., Vega F. J., Espinosa B. & Naranjo-Garcia E. (2008). "Late Cretaceous and Paleogene Freshwater Gastropods from Northeastern Mexico". ''

Journal of Paleontology The ''Journal of Paleontology'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the field of paleontology. It is published by the Paleontological Society. Indexing The ''Journal of Paleontology'' is indexed in: *BIOSIS Previews *Science Citatio ...

'' 82(2): 255-266. . - fossil from Northeastern Mexico ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Pachychilus aquatilis'' (Reeve, 1859): synonym of '' Doryssa aquatilis'' (Reeve, 1859) * ''Pachychilus drakei'' Arnold & Hannibal in Hannibal, 1912 †: synonym of ''

Goniobasis drakei ''Pleurocera'' is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Pleuroceridae.Neubauer, Thomas A. (2014). Pleurocera Rafinesque, 1818. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www. ...

'' (Arnold & Hannibal in Hannibal, 1912) † (new combination) * ''Pachychilus glaphyra'' (Morelet, 1849): synonym of ''Pachychilus glaphyrus'' (Morelet, 1849) (incorrect gender of species epithet) * ''Pachychilus indifferens'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1891: synonym of ''Pachychilus corvinus indifferens'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1891 (unaccepted rank) * ''Pachychilus lawsoni'' Hannibal, 1912 †: synonym of '' Lymnaea lawsoni'' (Hannibal, 1912) † (new combination) * ''Pachychilus parvum'' I. Lea, 1857: synonym of '' Rehderiella parva'' (I. Lea, 1857) (original combination) * ''Pachychilus pila'' Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910: synonym of '' Amnipila pila'' (Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1910) (original combination) * ''Pachychilus renovatus'' (Brot, 1862): synonym of ''Pachychilus cumingii'' I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 (replacement name for Pachychilus cumingii I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 as a secondary homonym) * ''Pachychilus reticancellata'' ic†: synonym of ''Pachychilus recticancellata'' (Kobayashi & Suzuki, 1939) † (incorrect subsequent spelling) * ''Pachychilus suavis'' Dall, 1913 †: synonym of '' Goniobasis suavis'' (Dall, 1913) † * ''Pachychilus tristrami'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1892: synonym of ''Pachychilus gracilis'' Tristram, 1864 (invalid: unnecessary replacement name for ''Pachychilus gracilis'') * ''Pachychilus violaceus'' (Preston, 1911) - endemic to the area from

Santiago de Cuba Santiago de Cuba is the second-largest city in Cuba and the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province. It lies in the southeastern area of the island, some southeast of the Cuban capital of Havana. The municipality extends over , and contains t ...

Baracoa Baracoa, whose full original name is: ''Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Baracoa'' (“Our Lady of the Assumption of Baracoa”), is a municipality and city in Guantánamo Province near the eastern tip of Cuba. It was visited by Admiral Christop ...

, Cuba: synonym of ''Pachychilus nigratus'' (Poey, 1858) (junior synonym) * ''Pachychilus vulneratus'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1892: synonym of ''Pachychilus chrysalis'' (Brot, 1872) (junior synonym)

Human use

One of the

Maya peoples The Maya peoples () are an ethnolinguistic group of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. The ancient Maya civilization was formed by members of this group, and today's Maya are generally descended from people ...

, the

Lacandon people The Lacandon are one of the Maya peoples who live in the jungles of the Mexican state of Chiapas, near the southern border with Guatemala. Their homeland, the Lacandon Jungle, lies along the Mexican side of the Usumacinta River and its tributari ...

, now Mexico's native peoples from state

Chiapas Chiapas (; Tzotzil language, Tzotzil and Tzeltal language, Tzeltal: ''Chyapas'' ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas), is one of the states that make up the Political divisions of Mexico, ...

, use the Chiapas species Pachychilus indiorum, known locally as "t’unu", as a type of protein supplement to their diet when animal protein is unavailable.Nations J. D. (1979). ''Snail Shells and Maize Preparation: A Lacandon Maya Analogy''.

American Antiquity The professional journal ''American Antiquity'' is published by Cambridge University Press for the Society for American Archaeology, an organization of professional archaeologists of the Americas. The journal is considered to be the flagship jou ...

44.3: 568-571. In addition, the shells from this "chuti" snail have great nutritional value, as they provide

calcium Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to ...

and slaked

lime Lime commonly refers to: * Lime (fruit), a green citrus fruit * Lime (material), inorganic materials containing calcium, usually calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide * Lime (color), a color between yellow and green Lime may also refer to: Botany ...

when burnt. They are often preferred as a lime source over local limestone or other freshwater snail species for their purity as an alkali. The slaked lime is added to

maize Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. Th ...

during the process of making maize dough for tortillas, pozole, and other foods. Slaked lime allows the release of

amino acid Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although hundreds of amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the alpha-amino acids, which comprise proteins. Only 22 alpha am ...

s such as

tryptophan Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α- carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromatic ...

and

lysine Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −C ...

and the vitamin

niacin Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound and a form of vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient. It can be manufactured by plants and animals from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin is obtained in the diet from a variet ...

, which would otherwise be unavailable from the maize (unable to be metabolized) if the lime were not added.

References

External links

Lea, I.; Lea, H. C. (1851). Description of a new genus of the family Melaniana, and of many new species of the genus Melania, chiefly collected by Hugh Cuming, Esq., during his zoological voyage in the East , and now first described. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 18: 179-197

Pilsbry, H. A. (1893). Notes on a collection of shells from the State of Tabasco, Mexico. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 44: 338-341, pl. 14

Fischer, P. & Crosse, H. (1870-1902). Études sur les mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles du Mexique et du Guatemala. Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale. Recherches zoologiques, Partie 7 Volume 1: 702 pp., pls 1-31; volume 2: 731 pp., pls 32-72. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. Published in 17 livraisons
{{Commons category

Pachychilus ''Pachychilus'', common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. ''Pachychilus'' is the type genus of the family Pachychilidae. Distribution The distri ...

Taxa named by Isaac Lea Gastropod genera