Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase delta is an
enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. A ...
that, in humans, is encoded by the ''PTPRD''
gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...
.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the
protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP contains an extracellular region, a single transmembrane segment and two tandem intracytoplasmic catalytic domains, thus represents a receptor-type PTP. The extracellular region of this protein is composed of three Ig-like and eight fibronectin type III-like domains. Studies of the similar genes in chick and fly suggest the role of this PTP is in promoting
neurite
A neurite or neuronal process refers to any projection from the cell body of a neuron. This projection can be either an axon or a dendrite. The term is frequently used when speaking of immature or developing neurons, especially of cells in culture ...
growth, and regulating neurons
axon guidance
Axon guidance (also called axon pathfinding) is a subfield of neural development concerning the process by which neurons send out axons to reach their correct targets. Axons often follow very precise paths in the nervous system, and how they mana ...
. Multiple tissue specific alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been reported.
Ligand binding
PTPRD is the
orexigenic
An orexigenic, or appetite stimulant, is a drug, hormone, or compound that increases appetite and may induce hyperphagia. This can be a medication or a naturally occurring neuropeptide hormone, such as ghrelin, orexin or neuropeptide Y, which incre ...
receptor of
asprosin, a hormone that is produced by the
C-terminal cleavage of
profibrillin from the ''FBN1'' gene.
In mice, asprosin acts on an olfactory receptor, Olfr734 in the liver to regulate its gluconeogenic effects. However, PTPRD has been identified as the neural receptor for asprosin. Genetic ablation of PTPRD results in extreme leanness and loss of appetite. More specifically, resistance to diet-induced obesity can occur through the loss of PTPRD in
AgRP
Agouti-related protein (AgRP), also called agouti-related peptide, is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY neuron. It is synthesized in neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing cell bodies located in the ventromedial part of the arcuate nu ...
neurons. When asprosin binds to PTPRD, this leads to the de-phosphorylation and de-activation of
Stat3.
Clinical significance
PTPRD is highly expressed throughout the entire brain, especially in the cerebellum and cerebellar hemisphere. PTPRD is also highly expressed in the coronary arteries, the aorta, and the ovaries. Mutations in the ''PTPRD'' gene are also associated with
autism
The autism spectrum, often referred to as just autism or in the context of a professional diagnosis autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autism spectrum condition (ASC), is a neurodevelopmental condition (or conditions) characterized by difficulti ...
,
,
and
breast cancer
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a re ...
.
Interactions
PTPRD has been shown to
interact
Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organizati ...
with
PTPRS
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase S, also known as R-PTP-S, R-PTP-sigma, or PTPσ, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PTPRS'' gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphata ...
and
liprin-alpha-1
Liprin-alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PPFIA1'' gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the LAR protein tyrosine phosphatase-interacting protein (liprin) family. Liprins interact with members of LA ...
.
References
Further reading
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