PS ''Rodney'' is a
heritage-listed paddle steamer
A paddle steamer is a steamship or steamboat powered by a steam engine that drives paddle wheels to propel the craft through the water. In antiquity, paddle wheelers followed the development of poles, oars and sails, where the first uses we ...
shipwreck on the
Darling River
The Darling River (Paakantyi: ''Baaka'' or ''Barka'') is the third-longest river in Australia, measuring from its source in northern New South Wales to its conflu
ence with the Murray River at Wentworth, New South Wales. Including its long ...
at
Polia Station,
Pooncarie
Pooncarie is a village in south-western New South Wales, Australia in Wentworth Shire. It is on the eastern side of the Darling River between Wentworth and Menindee. The surrounding region of Pooncarie is semi-arid with an outback landscape ri ...
in the
Wentworth Shire
Wentworth Shire is a local government area in the far south-west Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. This Shire is located adjacent to the Murray and Darling Rivers. The Shire's major roads are the Sturt and the Silver City Highwa ...
,
New South Wales
)
, nickname =
, image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates:
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, es ...
, Australia. It was designed by Captains Dorward and Davies and built by Thomas McDonald. The property is owned by Department of Trade & Investment, Regional Infrastructure & Services, an
agency of the
Government of New South Wales. It was added to the
New South Wales State Heritage Register
The New South Wales State Heritage Register, also known as NSW State Heritage Register, is a heritage list of places in the state of New South Wales, Australia, that are protected by New South Wales legislation, generally covered by the Heritag ...
on 23 November 2007.
History
The remains of the river paddle steamer ''Rodney'' encapsulate much of the regional history of the
Darling River
The Darling River (Paakantyi: ''Baaka'' or ''Barka'') is the third-longest river in Australia, measuring from its source in northern New South Wales to its conflu
ence with the Murray River at Wentworth, New South Wales. Including its long ...
and the
Western Plains: pastoralism, the river trade, the water-frontage
stations, the tensions with the shearer's union and the uncertainties of the Darling flow.
[Regional Histories of NSW, 1996:195]
''Rodney''[Official Number 73295] was burnt by unionist shearers during the 1894 Australian shearers' strike
After the 1890 Australian maritime dispute and the 1891 Australian shearers' strike both of which were long, drawn out affairs in which trade unions were defeated, running out of funds, actions by increasingly militant and desperate unions led up ...
in protest at it being used as a strike breaker during an industrial dispute. The 1890s shearers' strikes marked a turning point in Australian politics and the development of a politicised labour movement. Rising costs, job losses associated with new technologies, and a country that was headed towards an economic depression were combined with a growing sense of nationalism. The 1891 strike at Barcaldine, Queensland
Barcaldine () is a rural town and locality in the Barcaldine Region in Queensland, Australia. This is the administrative centre of the Barcaldine Region. Barcaldine played a major role in the Australian labour movement.
In the , Barcaldine had ...
lead to the election of the first labour representative in parliament the following year. It is also regarded and the birth of the Labor Party. The 1894 strike was shorter and though by some accounts less hostile was accompanied by the dramatic burning and destruction of ''Rodney'' on the lower reaches of the Darling River.[
On 26 August 1894, Capt Dickson was in command of ''Rodney'' carrying 45 non-union labourers upstream to work in the wool sheds at Tolarno Station. ''Rodney'' was also hauling a barge carrying goods and supplies for the stations en route.]['']Mildura
Mildura is a regional city in north-west Victoria, Australia. Located on the Victorian side of the Murray River, Mildura had a population of 34,565 in 2021. When nearby Wentworth, Irymple, Nichols Point and Merbein are included, the area h ...
Cultivator'', 1 September 1894; '' Riverine Herald'', 28 August 1894
On 28 August, the steamer reached a woodpile two miles above Moorara Station. Up to 150 striking shearers commandeered the steamer and surrounds. Having moved the passengers and crew to the riverbank, bags of chaff in the fore and aft holds were torn apart, soaked in kerosene and set alight.[''Riverine Herald'', 28 August 1894] ''Rodney'' was soon ablaze from end to end and let go down the river. Eventually the vessel burnt almost to the water line and was destroyed.[''NSW Police Gazette'', 19 September 1894: p291] The incident was described in the press as "the very worst outrage that has yet been perpetuated by shearers in these colonies".[''Mildura Cultivator'', 1 September 1894] A reward was offered for the capture of those involved in the destruction of ''Rodney'',[''NSW Police Gazette'', 29 August 1894] but no one was ever convicted.[Parsons, 1996:125]
The hull of PS ''Rodney'' was reported to be "irretrievably damaged so it was broken up and the debris was drawn out of the fairway of the river".[''Mildura Cultivator'', 2 March 1895]
In early 1895 the steamer ''Nile'', itself now a wreck in the Darling River at Bourke, assisted in salvaging material from the wreck. The boiler and machinery were removed and a quantity of tools and ironwork recovered. The boiler was allegedly later taken back to Echuca
Echuca ( ) is a town on the banks of the Murray River and Campaspe River in Victoria, Australia. The border town of Moama is adjacent on the northern side of the Murray River in New South Wales. Echuca is the administrative centre and largest ...
and used to power machinery at the local Freezing Works.[Parsons, 1967] It is not known what became of the engine.[
''Rodney'' was built at Echuca in 1875 for Captains Dorward and Davies.] Constructed by Thomas McDonald at his yard near "Mackintosh Mills", the vessel was in length, in beam, and depth of just over . ''Rodney'' was powered by a horizontal direct acting steam engine of , built by Robinson Brothers of Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
.[British Register of Ships, 61 of 1875: Port of Sydney; ''Riverine Herald'', 29 May 1875]
Framed with angle iron (British Register of Ships), the hull was planked with River Red Gum. Fitted out with a single deck, cabin and upper saloon, the vessel was believed to be worth about A£
The pound (Sign: £, £A for distinction) was the currency of Australia from 1910 until 14 February 1966, when it was replaced by the Australian dollar. As with other £sd currencies, it was subdivided into 20 shillings (denoted by the symbol s ...
3,000.[
At the time of the loss in 1894, ''Rodney'' was owned by Permewan, Wright & Co and was said to be one of the most powerful steamers on the river.][Lans, Smith & Smith, nd: 40] It was elsewhere described as "one of the finest of the river boats".
Description
The shipwreck is located low down in the bed of the Darling River and adjacent to Polia Station about north of the river town Pooncarie
Pooncarie is a village in south-western New South Wales, Australia in Wentworth Shire. It is on the eastern side of the Darling River between Wentworth and Menindee. The surrounding region of Pooncarie is semi-arid with an outback landscape ri ...
, about south of Menindee
Menindee (frequently but erroneously spelled "Menindie"
) is a small town in the far west of New South Wales, Australia, in Central Darling Shire, on the banks of the Darling River, with a sign-posted population of 980 and a population of 551. ...
and some north of . The wreckage is orientated east-west on the southern bank of the river. The ''Rodney'' was in length, in beam, and depth of just over . The frames of the vessel are angle iron; the hull planking, stingers and keel timbers are River Red Gum. Access to the site is via a riverbank track east-southeast of Polia Homestead. Even during severe drought when the river level is about , (a depth described as "pooling" depth, i.e. with little or no flow), the lower hull remains of the vessel are partly submerged. The river bank is composed of light grey loam and the surrounding land is sparsely vegetated with river red gum
''Eucalyptus camaldulensis'', commonly known as the river red gum, is a tree that is endemic to Australia. It has smooth white or cream-coloured bark, lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven or nine, white flowers an ...
and other Eucalypt species.[
]
Condition
As at 22 November 2005, the wreck lies in an east-west orientation in the bed of a bend in the Darling River and up against the southern bank.[
Although ''Rodney'' was substantially destroyed by fire in 1894 and has been subject to many years of periodic inundation and exposure, the lower structure of the vessel, from stem to stern, has survived relatively intact. As an archaeological site there are sufficient remains to develop a model of the hull structure of what was one of the largest paddle steamers to operate on the river.][
The exposed ends of the iron framing are heavily corroded with the extremities of these frames being extremely fragile. The Red Gum planking however is generally very well preserved, particularly in the permanently inundated lower hull area which is still beneath "pooling" level in extreme drought conditions][
The remains of the hull of ''Rodney'', recognising the loss attributed to fire and salvage copntemproary to the loss of the vessel, retain a high degree of integrity of its fabric. The site retains a high degree of integrity due to the presence of original fabric and the esteem with which it is held as a part of the history of the Darling River and the Shearer's Strike.][
]
Heritage listing
As at 19 November 2009, the ''Rodney ''Historic Shipwreck site was significant as a physical marker to a violent episode in the Shearer's Strikes of the 1890s and as a symbol of the politicisation of the Australian labour movement. Burnt to the water line in an 1894 protest by unionist shearers, the archaeological remains provide a tangible link to this colourful era of riverboat activity on the Darling River. Community interest in the historic shipwreck is demonstrated by the significant centenary celebrations. A vessel renowned locally for its size, the Rodney was an established steamer that provided a critical service to pastoralists and the river towns that it frequented.[
The PS ''Rodney'' was listed on the ]New South Wales State Heritage Register
The New South Wales State Heritage Register, also known as NSW State Heritage Register, is a heritage list of places in the state of New South Wales, Australia, that are protected by New South Wales legislation, generally covered by the Heritag ...
on 23 November 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.[
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
The PS ''Rodney'' is associated with a significant activity and historical phase. The seizure and burning to "Rodney" was directly related to the endeavours of unionists to counter the attempts by the owners of the sheep stations along the Darling River to circumvent the effectiveness of the Shearer's Strike. At that time of the seizure and burning of the ''Rodney'', the work of the riverboat steamers was a vital transport component of the wool industry. Control of river transport was a key issue during the 1890s Shearer's Strike, itself a highly significant event in the history of Australian industrial relations.][
The existence of recognizable remains of the paddle steamer involved in the Shearer's dispute provides a strong sense of continuity with the process of industrial relations associated with a key economic activity of the Darling River - an economic activity that has spanned the time since the 1890s dispute to the present day.][
The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.
The PS ''Rodney'' is directly associated with the industrial dispute between graziers and shearers in the last decade of the 19th century and, in particular. The use of the ''Rodney'' to carry non-union labour demonstrates the determination of the graziers to break the strike utilising the only significant transport available at that time. Equally, the destruction of the ''Rodney'' by the unionists, the only recorded act of industrial espionage of this nature, demonstrates the ferocity with which the dispute was being fought.][
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
The PS ''Rodney'' shows and is associated with, creative or technical innovation or achievement and exemplifies a particular taste, style or technology. The Rodney demonstrates the essential technological character of broad, shallow draft river boats that served the inland river trade in the late 19th century. It is one of the few surviving original hull assemblages that show composite construction of iron frames and River Redgum planks, keel and stem/stern post.][
The timbers, fastenings and iron frames that survive substantively intact to the turn of the bilge document inland shipbuilding traditions of the latter nineteenth century.][
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The PS ''Rodney'' is important for its associations with an identifiable group and is important to a community's sense of place. The site epitomises the empathy of local Darling River port towns with their historical links to the river and the earlier paddle steamer era.][
The 1994 commemoration and re-enactment event that drew over 700 people to this remote location on the Darling River demonstrated the importance of the ''Rodney'' particularly to the communities along the Darling River. The interest in the history of the Rodney continues to be shared by unionists and station owners, as demonstrated by the cross section of people you attended and supported the event.][
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The PS ''Rodney'' is an important benchmark or reference site or type. The Rodney is an important reference type to the character and construction of late 19th century riverboats in New South Wales. It fills a gap in the archival records, few of which document construction details. Its original fabric retains a high degree of integrity unlike a number of other shipwrecks along the Murray and Darling which have been recovered and disassembled and the original fabric largely replaced in order to construct working vessels that are effectively only indicative of the original boat.][
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The ps Rodney provides evidence of a defunct custom, way of life or process and shows rare evidence of a significant human activity important to a community. The ''Rodney'' provides evidence of a defunct transportation system that operated along the Darling River.][
The integrity of the original fabric in the hull is unusually accurate evidence of the riverboat boatbuilding skills used in the late 19th century. The remains of the ''Rodney'' are the only known, undisturbed, archaeological remains of a composite built river boat that was built for and operated on the Darling River.][
The ''Rodney'' is the only recorded riverboat, coastal or ocean-going vessel to have been destroyed in the context of any industrial dispute in Australia. As such it is of high significance to the history of industrial relations in this country.][
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
The PS ''Rodney'' has the principal characteristics of an important class or group of items, is part of a group which collectively illustrates a representative type and is outstanding because of its integrity or the esteem in which it is held. The remains of the ''Rodney'' retain the principle characteristics of the inland riverboats in terms of their broad beams, shallow draft and use of indigenous timbers, particularly the River Redgum.][
]
See also
References
Bibliography
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Attribution
External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodney
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Water transport in New South Wales
Darling River
Paddle steamers of Australia
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Archaeological sites in New South Wales
Pooncarie, New South Wales