The PS ''General Slocum''
["PS" stands for "]Paddle Steamer
A paddle steamer is a steamship or steamboat powered by a steam engine that drives paddle wheels to propel the craft through the water. In antiquity, paddle wheelers followed the development of poles, oars and sails, where the first uses we ...
" was a
sidewheel passenger
steamboat built in
Brooklyn
Brooklyn () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, be ...
,
New York, in 1891. During her service history, she was involved in a number of mishaps, including multiple groundings and collisions.
On June 15, 1904, ''General Slocum'' caught fire and sank in the
East River
The East River is a saltwater tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is actually not a river despite its name, connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end. It separates the borough of Quee ...
of New York City.
At the time of the accident, she was on a chartered run carrying members of
St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church (
German Americans
German Americans (german: Deutschamerikaner, ) are Americans who have full or partial German ancestry. With an estimated size of approximately 43 million in 2019, German Americans are the largest of the self-reported ancestry groups by the Unite ...
from
Little Germany, Manhattan
Little Germany, known in German as Kleindeutschland and Deutschländle and called Dutchtown by contemporary non-Germans, was a German immigrant neighborhood on the Lower East Side and East Village neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City. Th ...
) to a church picnic. An estimated 1,021 of the 1,342 people on board died. The ''General Slocum'' disaster was the New York area's deadliest disaster until the
September 11, 2001 attacks. It is the worst
maritime disaster in the city's history (and of the twentieth-century until the ''
Titanic
RMS ''Titanic'' was a British passenger liner, operated by the White Star Line, which sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after striking an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York City, Unit ...
'' surpassed it a few years later), and the second-worst maritime disaster on United States waterways (after the explosion and sinking of the
steamboat ''Sultana''). The events surrounding the ''General Slocum'' fire have been explored in a number of books, plays, and movies.
Construction and design
![PS General Slocum by Stanton - detinted](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/PS_General_Slocum_by_Stanton_-_detinted.jpg)
The hull of ''General Slocum'' was built by Divine Burtis, Jr., a
Brooklyn
Brooklyn () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, be ...
boatbuilder who was awarded the contract on February 15, 1891;
the superstructure was built by John E. Hoffmire & Son.
[ Her ]keel
The keel is the bottom-most longitudinal structural element on a vessel. On some sailboats, it may have a hydrodynamic and counterbalancing purpose, as well. As the laying down of the keel is the initial step in the construction of a ship, in Br ...
was long and the hull was wide constructed of white oak
The genus ''Quercus'' contains about 500 species, some of which are listed here. The genus, as is the case with many large genera, is divided into subgenera and sections. Traditionally, the genus ''Quercus'' was divided into the two subgenera ''C ...
and yellow pine
In ecology and forestry, yellow pine refers to a number of conifer species that tend to grow in similar plant communities and yield similar strong wood. In the Western United States, yellow pine refers to Jeffrey pine or ponderosa pine. In the ...
. ''General Slocum'' measured 1,284 tons gross,[Cussler, Clive]
General Slocum
National Underwater and Marine Agency. Retrieved November 26, 2010. and had a hull depth of . ''General Slocum'' was constructed with three decks (main, promenade, and hurricane), three watertight compartments, and 250 electric lights. She drew unladen and was long overall.[
''General Slocum'' was powered by a single-]cylinder
A cylinder (from ) has traditionally been a three-dimensional solid, one of the most basic of curvilinear geometric shapes. In elementary geometry, it is considered a prism with a circle as its base.
A cylinder may also be defined as an infin ...
, surface-condensing vertical-beam steam engine with a bore and stroke, built by W. & A. Fletcher Company of Hoboken
Hoboken ( ; Unami: ') is a city in Hudson County in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the city's population was 60,417. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated that the city's population was 58,69 ...
, New Jersey.[ Steam was supplied by two ]boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel in which fluid (generally water) is heated. The fluid does not necessarily boil. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications, including water heating, centr ...
s at a working pressure of .["A Very Handsome Boat"]
''The New York Times'', June 26, 1891. ''General Slocum'' was a sidewheel boat. Each wheel had 26 paddles and was in diameter. Her maximum speed was about . The ship was usually crewed by a contingent of 22, including Captain William H. Van Schaick and two pilots. She had a legal capacity of 2,500 passengers.[
Cabins, storeroom, and machinery spaces were below the main deck. Crew quarters were the second compartment aft from the bow, with a hatch and ladder leading to the main deck. Aft of the quarters was the "forward cabin", also fitted with a companionway to the main deck; it was originally intended to be a cabin space, but had been used as a storeroom and lamp room. The forward cabin also housed the ship's steering engine and dynamo.][ The forward cabin, measuring approximately (length × width), was used for general storage and to store and refuel the ship's lamps from oil barrels kept there. Oil had been spilled on the deck of the Lamp Room numerous times, and it was frequented by crew who habitually used open flames in the room.][ Aft of the forward cabin was the machinery space for engines and boilers. The stern compartment below the main deck (aft of the machinery) was used as an aftersaloon.][
The forward part of the main deck was enclosed just forward of the companionway to the forward cabin. The promenade deck, above the main deck, was open except for a small section amidships. The hurricane deck, above the promenade, was where the lifeboats and life rafts were stowed. The pilot house was above the hurricane deck, with a small stateroom immediately aft.][
]
Service history
''General Slocum'' was named for Civil War
A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country).
The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies ...
General[Jackson, Kenneth T. "General Slocum" in , p.499] and New York Congressman Henry Warner Slocum
Henry Warner Slocum, Sr. (September 24, 1827 – April 14, 1894), was a Union general during the American Civil War and later served in the United States House of Representatives from New York. During the war, he was one of the youngest major g ...
. She was owned by the Knickerbocker Steamboat Company.[ She operated in the New York City area as an excursion steamer for the next 13 years under the same ownership.
''General Slocum'' experienced a series of mishaps following her launch in 1891. Four months after her launching, she ran aground off Rockaway. ]Tugboat
A tugboat or tug is a marine vessel that manoeuvres other vessels by pushing or pulling them, with direct contact or a tow line. These boats typically tug ships in circumstances where they cannot or should not move under their own power, su ...
s had to be used to pull her free.
A number of incidents occurred during 1894. On July 29, while returning from Rockaway with about 4,700 passengers, ''General Slocum'' struck a sandbar
In oceanography, geomorphology, and geoscience, a shoal is a natural submerged ridge, bank, or bar that consists of, or is covered by, sand or other unconsolidated material and rises from the bed of a body of water to near the surface. ...
with enough force that her electrical generator
In electricity generation, a generator is a device that converts motive power (mechanical energy) or fuel-based power ( chemical energy) into electric power for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy include steam turbines, g ...
went out. The next month, ''General Slocum'' ran aground off Coney Island during a storm. During this grounding, the passengers had to be transferred to another ship. In September 1894, ''General Slocum'' collided with the tug ''R. T. Sayre'' in the East River
The East River is a saltwater tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is actually not a river despite its name, connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end. It separates the borough of Quee ...
, with ''General Slocum'' sustaining substantial damage to her steering.
In July 1898, another collision occurred when ''General Slocum'' collided with ''Amelia'' near Battery Park
The Battery, formerly known as Battery Park, is a public park located at the southern tip of Manhattan Island in New York City facing New York Harbor. It is bounded by Battery Place on the north, State Street on the east, New York Harbor to ...
. On August 17, 1901, while carrying what was described as 900 intoxicated anarchists from Paterson, New Jersey, some of the passengers started a riot on board and tried to take control of the vessel. The crew fought back and kept control of the ship. The captain docked the ship at the police pier, and 17 men were taken into custody by the police.
In June 1902, ''General Slocum'' ran aground with 400 passengers aboard. With the vessel unable to be freed, the passengers had to camp out overnight while the ship remained stuck.
1904 disaster
''General Slocum'' worked as a passenger ship, taking people on excursions around New York City. On Wednesday, June 15, 1904, the ship had been chartered for $350 by St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Little Germany district of Manhattan
Manhattan (), known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state ...
. This was an annual rite for the group, which had made the trip for 17 consecutive years, a period when German settlers moved from Little Germany to the Upper East and West sides. Nearly 1,400 passengers, mostly women and children, boarded ''General Slocum'', which was to sail up the East River and then eastward across the Long Island Sound to Locust Grove, a picnic site in Eatons Neck, Long Island. The official post-disaster report stated there were 1,358 passengers and 30 officers and crew; fewer than 150 of the passengers were estimated to be adult males over 21. Of those on board, there were 957 deaths and 180 injuries.[ Less than twenty minutes elapsed between the start of the fire and the collapse of the hurricane deck.][
]
The fire
The ship got underway from the recreation pier at Third Street on the East River at 9:30 am; it passed west of Blackwell Island (now Roosevelt Island) and turned east, remaining south of Wards Island.[ As it was passing East 90th Street, a fire started in the forward cabin or Lamp Room,] the third compartment aft from the bow under the main deck;[ the fire was possibly caused by a discarded cigarette or match. The disastrous fire was fueled by the straw, oily rags, and lamp oil strewn around the room.] The first notice of a fire was at 10 am; eyewitnesses claimed the initial blaze began in various locations, including a paint locker filled with flammable liquids and a cabin filled with gasoline. Passengers on the main deck were aware of the fire at the entrance to Hell Gate
Hell Gate is a narrow tidal strait in the East River in New York City. It separates Astoria, Queens, from Randall's and Wards Islands.
Etymology
The name "Hell Gate" is a corruption of the Dutch phrase ''Hellegat'' (it first appeared on ...
.[ Captain Van Schaick was not notified until 10 minutes after the fire was discovered. A 12-year-old boy had tried to warn him earlier, but was not believed. After he was notified of the fire, Van Schaick ordered full speed ahead; approximately 30 seconds later, he directed the pilot to beach the ship on North Brother Island. Following this last command, Van Schaick descended to the hurricane deck and remained there until he was able to jump into shallow water after the ship was beached.][
Although the captain was ultimately responsible for the safety of passengers, the owners had made no effort to maintain or replace the ship's safety equipment. The main deck was equipped with a standpipe connected to a steam pump, but the fire hose attached to the forward end of the standpipe, a length of "cheap unlined linen", had been allowed to rot and burst in several places. When the crew tried to put out the fire; they were unable to attach a rubber hose because the coupling of the linen hose remained attached to the standpipe. The ship was also equipped with hand pumps and buckets, but they were not used during the disaster; the crew gave up firefighting efforts after failing to attach the rubber hose.][ The crew had not practiced a fire drill that year,][ and the ]lifeboats
Lifeboat may refer to:
Rescue vessels
* Lifeboat (shipboard), a small craft aboard a ship to allow for emergency escape
* Lifeboat (rescue), a boat designed for sea rescues
* Airborne lifeboat, an air-dropped boat used to save downed airmen
A ...
were tied up and inaccessible. (Some claim they were wired and painted in place.)
Survivors reported that the life preservers were useless and fell apart in their hands, while desperate mothers placed life jackets on their children and tossed them into the water, only to watch in horror as their children sank instead of floating. Most of those on board were women and children who, like most Americans of the time, could not swim; victims found that their heavy wool clothing absorbed water and weighed them down in the river.
It was discovered that Nonpareil Cork Works, supplier of cork materials to manufacturers of life preservers, placed iron bars inside the cork materials to meet minimum content requirements ( of "good cork") at the time. Nonpareil's deception was revealed by David Kahnweiler's Sons, who inspected a shipment of 300 cork blocks.[ Many of the life preservers had been filled with cheap and less effective granulated cork and brought up to proper weight by the inclusion of the iron weights. Canvas covers, rotted with age, split and scattered the powdered cork. Managers of the company (Nonpareil Cork Works) were indicted but not convicted. The life preservers on the ''Slocum'' had been manufactured in 1891 and had hung above the deck, unprotected from the elements, for 13 years.]
File:EM NOVA-YORK. A grande catastrophe do vapor de passeio General Slocum. Morte horrível de 1.200 pessoas!.jpg, The great catastrophe of the passenger steamboat ''General Slocum'' ( Angelo Agostini, ''O Malho
''O Malho'' (Portuguese: ''The Mallet'') was a Brazilian weekly satirical magazine published from 1902 to 1954. It was based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was the first commercially successful Brazilian satirical magazine during the Republican re ...
'', 1904).
File:Victims of the General Slocum (1904).jpg, Victims of ''General Slocum'' washed ashore at North Brother Island.
File:Recovery of victims from the General Slocum.jpg, Carrying away a body from North Brother Island
Beaching on North Brother Island
Captain Van Schaick decided to continue his course rather than run the ship aground or stop at a nearby landing. By going into headwinds and failing to immediately ground the ship, he fanned the fire and promoted its spread from fore to aft; the investigating commission later faulted Van Schaick for passing up opportunities to beach the vessel in Little Hell Gate
Randalls Island (sometimes called Randall's Island) and Wards Island are conjoined islands, collectively called Randalls and Wards Islands, in New York County, New York City, (west of the Sunken Meadows) or the Bronx Bills (east of the Sunken Meadows), which also would have put the prevailing winds astern, keeping flames from spreading along the length of the ship.[ Van Schaick later argued he was trying to avoid having the fire spread to riverside buildings and oil tanks. Flammable paint also helped the fire spread out of control, which was driven aft mainly along the port side of the ship; passengers, who were on the upper promenade and hurricane decks, were forced into the aft starboard quarter.][
Ten minutes after the ship was beached, the fire had essentially engulfed the vessel; no more than twenty minutes had elapsed since the first flames came up from the Lamp Room.][ Some passengers jumped into the river to escape the fire, but the heavy women's clothing of the day made swimming almost impossible and dragged them underwater to drown. An estimated 100 to 500 died when the overloaded starboard section of the hurricane deck collapsed, casting those passengers into deep water,][ and others were battered by the still-turning paddles as they tried to escape into the water or over the sides.] The commission estimated that 400 to 600 people drowned after the ship was beached, as they jumped off the aft portion of the boat into deep water; those jumping off the bow landed in shallower water.[
''General Slocum'' remained beached on North Brother Island for approximately 90 minutes before breaking free and drifting east for approximately ; by the time she sank in shallow water off the ]Bronx
The Bronx () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; north and east of the New York City borough of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of the New Y ...
shore at Hunts Point,[ ] an estimated 1,021 people, including 2 of the 30 crew members, had either burned to death or drowned. There were 431 survivors. The actions of two tugboats which arrived a few minutes after the ''Slocum'' was beached were credited with saving between 200 and 350 people.[
The 1904 ]Coast Guard
A coast guard or coastguard is a maritime security organization of a particular country. The term embraces wide range of responsibilities in different countries, from being a heavily armed military force with customs and security duties to ...
Report estimated the following figures for casualties of a total of 1,388 persons involved in the disaster:
The captain lost sight in one eye owing to the fire. Reports indicate that Captain Van Schaick deserted ''General Slocum'' as soon as it settled, jumping into a nearby tug, along with several crew. He was hospitalized at Lebanon Hospital.
Many acts of heroism were committed by the passengers, witnesses, and emergency personnel. Staff and patients from the hospital on North Brother Island participated in the rescue efforts, forming human chains and pulling victims from the water.
Aftermath
Eight people were indicted by a federal grand jury after the disaster: the captain, two inspectors, and the president, secretary, treasurer, and commodore of the Knickerbocker Steamship Company. Only Captain Van Schaick was convicted. He was found guilty on one of three charges: criminal negligence
In criminal law, criminal negligence is a surrogate state of mind required to constitute a ''conventional'' (as opposed to ''strictly liable'') offense. It is not, strictly speaking, a (Law Latin for "guilty mind") because it refers to an ob ...
, for failing to maintain proper fire drill
A fire drill is a method of practicing how a building would be evacuated in the event of a fire or other emergencies. In most cases, the building's existing fire alarm system is activated and the building is evacuated by means of the nearest a ...
s and fire extinguisher
A fire extinguisher is a handheld active fire protection device usually filled with a dry or wet chemical used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergencies. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which ha ...
s. The jury could not reach a verdict on the other two counts of manslaughter. He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. He spent three years and six months at Sing Sing
Sing Sing Correctional Facility, formerly Ossining Correctional Facility, is a maximum-security prison operated by the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision in the village of Ossining, New York. It is about north of ...
prison before he was paroled. President Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...
declined to pardon Captain Van Schaick. He was not released until the federal parole board under the William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857March 8, 1930) was the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth chief justice of the United States (1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected pr ...
administration voted to free him on August 26, 1911.[Robinson, Eric. ]New-York Historical Society
The New-York Historical Society is an American history museum and library in New York City, along Central Park West between 76th and 77th Streets, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. The society was founded in 1804 as New York's first museum ...
Library He was pardoned by President Taft on December 19, 1912; the pardon became effective on Christmas Day. After his death in 1927, Schaick was buried in Oakwood Cemetery (Troy, New York)
Oakwood Cemetery is a nonsectarian rural cemetery in northeastern Troy, New York, United States. It operates under the direction of the Troy Cemetery Association, a non-profit board of directors that deals strictly with the operation of the ceme ...
.
The Knickerbocker Steamship Company, which owned the ship, paid a relatively small fine despite evidence that they might have falsified inspection records. The disaster motivated federal and state regulation to improve the emergency equipment on passenger ships.
The neighborhood of Little Germany, which had been in decline for some time before the disaster as residents moved uptown, almost disappeared afterward. With the trauma and arguments that followed the tragedy and the loss of many prominent settlers, most of the Lutheran Germans remaining in the Lower East Side eventually moved uptown. The church whose congregation chartered the ship for the fateful voyage was converted to a synagogue in 1940 after the area was settled by Jewish residents.
The victims were interred in cemeteries around New York, with 58 identified victims buried in the Cemetery of the Evergreens
The Cemetery of the Evergreens, also called Evergreen Cemetery, is a non-denominational rural cemetery along the Cemetery Belt in Brooklyn and Queens, New York. It was incorporated in 1849, not long after the passage of New York's Rural Cemeter ...
, and 46 identified victims buried in Green-Wood Cemetery
Green-Wood Cemetery is a cemetery in the western portion of Brooklyn, New York City. The cemetery is located between South Slope/ Greenwood Heights, Park Slope, Windsor Terrace, Borough Park, Kensington, and Sunset Park, and lies several blo ...
, both in Brooklyn. Many victims were buried at Lutheran Cemetery in Middle Village, Queens
Middle Village is a mainly residential neighborhood in the central section of the borough of Queens, New York City, bounded to the north by the Long Island Expressway, to the east by Woodhaven Boulevard, to the south by Cooper Avenue and the form ...
(now Lutheran All Faiths Cemetery) where an annual memorial ceremony is held at the historical marker.
In 1906, a marble memorial fountain was erected in the north central part of Tompkins Square Park
Tompkins Square Park is a public park in the Alphabet City portion of East Village, Manhattan, New York City. The square-shaped park, bounded on the north by East 10th Street, on the east by Avenue B, on the south by East 7th Street, and on ...
in Manhattan by the Sympathy Society of German Ladies, with the inscription: "They are Earth's purest children, young and fair."
The sunken remains of ''General Slocum'' were salvaged and converted into a 625- gross register ton barge
Barge nowadays generally refers to a flat-bottomed inland waterway vessel which does not have its own means of mechanical propulsion. The first modern barges were pulled by tugs, but nowadays most are pushed by pusher boats, or other vessels ...
named ''Maryland'', which sank in the South River in 1909 and again in the Atlantic Ocean off the southeast coast of New Jersey near Strathmere and Sea Isle City
Sea Isle City is a city in Cape May County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is part of the Ocean City metropolitan statistical area. As of the 2020 United States census, the city's year-round population was 2,104, a decrease of 10 (−0.5 ...
during a storm on December 4, 1911, while carrying a cargo of coal. All four people aboard ''Maryland'' survived the sinking.
Survivors
On January 26, 2004, the last surviving passenger from ''General Slocum'', Adella Wotherspoon (née Liebenow), died at the age of 100. At the time of the disaster, she was a six-month-old infant. Wotherspoon was the youngest survivor of the tragedy that took the lives of her two older sisters. When she was one year old, she unveiled the Steamboat Fire Mass Memorial on June 15, 1905, at Lutheran All Faiths Cemetery, in Middle Village, Queens
Middle Village is a mainly residential neighborhood in the central section of the borough of Queens, New York City, bounded to the north by the Long Island Expressway, to the east by Woodhaven Boulevard, to the south by Cooper Avenue and the form ...
.[
] Before Wotherspoon's death, the previous oldest survivor was Catherine Connelly (née Uhlmyer) (1893–2002) who was 11 years old at the time of the accident.
File:Youngest Slocum Survivor crop.jpg, Adella Wotherspoon
(June 16, 1905)
File:Catherine Uhlmyer.gif, Catherine Uhlmyer Connelly
In popular culture
Literature
* 1922 – A few references are made to the disaster in James Joyce
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, poet, and literary critic. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important writers of ...
's '' Ulysses'', the events of which take place on the following day (June 16, 1904).
* 1925 – A few references to the disaster occur in John Dos Passos
John Roderigo Dos Passos (; January 14, 1896 – September 28, 1970) was an American novelist, most notable for his ''U.S.A.'' trilogy.
Born in Chicago, Dos Passos graduated from Harvard College in 1916. He traveled widely as a young man, visit ...
' novel '' Manhattan Transfer''.
* 1939 – Journalist Nat Ferber's autobiography, ''I Found Out: A Confidential Chronicle of the Twenties'', begins with his reporting on the ''General Slocum'' tragedy.
* 1975 – Robert Shea
Robert Joseph Shea (February 14, 1933 – March 10, 1994) was an American novelist and former journalist best known as co-author with Robert Anton Wilson of the science fantasy trilogy '' Illuminatus!'' It became a cult success and was later turne ...
and Robert Anton Wilson's satirical ''The Illuminatus! Trilogy
''The Illuminatus! Trilogy'' is a series of three novels by American writers Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson, first published in 1975.''Illuminatus!'' was written between 1969 and 1971, but not published until 1975 according to Robert Anto ...
'' briefly mentions the disaster as attributable to the 23 enigma
The 23 enigma is a belief in the significance of the number 23.
Origins
Robert Anton Wilson cites William S. Burroughs as the first person to believe in the 23 enigma. Wilson, in an article in '' Fortean Times'', related the following anecdote ...
, since 19+04=23. Cartwright alleges that the disaster was an Illuminati
The Illuminati (; plural of Latin ''illuminatus'', 'enlightened') is a name given to several groups, both real and fictitious. Historically, the name usually refers to the Bavarian Illuminati, an Enlightenment-era secret society founded on ...
technique for "transcendental illumination" through human sacrifice.
*1996 – Eric Blau
Milton Eric Blau (June 1, 1921 – February 17, 2009) was an author and is best known as the creator of the Off Broadway show ''Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris''.
Biography
Blau was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut on June 1 ...
's novel ''The Hero of the Slocum Disaster'' is based on the disaster; it was later adapted by Patrick Tull and Emily King into a one-person play.
* 2000 – The story of ''General Slocum'' was described as an "Avoidable Catastrophe" in Bob Fenster's book, ''Duh! The Stupid History of the Human Race'', in Part One, which discusses stories involving stupidity.
* 2003 – ''Ship Ablaze'' by Edward O'Donnell is a detailed history of the event.
* 2003 – The disaster is featured in one of the chapters of author Clive Cussler
Clive Eric Cussler (July 15, 1931 – February 24, 2020) was an American adventure novelist and underwater explorer. His thriller novels, many featuring the character Dirk Pitt, have reached ''The New York Times'' fiction best-seller list m ...
's book ''The Sea Hunters 2'' when he finds the wreckage of the barge ''Maryland'', which was the converted ''Slocum'' after she was salvaged.
* 2003 – The protagonist of Pete Hamill
Pete Hamill (born William Peter Hamill; June 24, 1935August 5, 2020) was an American journalist, novelist, essayist and editor. During his career as a New York City journalist, he was described as "the author of columns that sought to capture th ...
's ''Forever: A Novel'' describes the event both as the worst disaster in New York's history at its time, and the point at which Germans left Kleindeutschland for Yorkville, effectively vacating the present-day Lower East Side, which was then adopted by Central European Jews.
* 2004 – The 2005 Hugo Award-nominated novella ''Time Ablaze'' by Michael A. Burstein ( ''Analog'', June 2004) concerns a time traveler who comes to record the disaster. The story was published to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the disaster.
* 2006 – The ''General Slocum'' disaster is at the center of the novel ''Kiss Me, I'm Dead'', by J.G. Sandom, also published as ''The Unresolved'' using the pen name of T.K. Welsh.
* 2008 – The ''General Slocum'' disaster plays a prominent role in Richard Crabbe's novel ''Hell's Gate''.
* 2009 – The ''General Slocum'' tragedy is described in detail in Glenn Stout's 2009 biography of Gertrude Ederle
Gertrude Caroline Ederle (October 23, 1906 – November 30, 2003) was an American competition swimmer, Olympic champion, and world record-holder in five events. On August 6, 1926, she became the first woman to swim across the English Channel. ...
, ''Young Woman and the Sea''. Stout uses the incident, in which many women and young children drowned, to help explain the history of how women, including Ederle, were afforded opportunities to learn to swim during the early part of the century.
* 2010–2012 – The disaster plays a prominent role in the novels ''In the Shadow of Gotham'' (2010) and ''Secret of the White Rose'' (2012) by Stefanie Pintoff.
* 2011 – The sinking and the spirits of the dead near the site of the sinking at the Hell Gate Bridge are a major plot line in the supernatural novel ''Dead Waters'' by Anton Strout.
* 2013 – In the Dean Koontz
Dean Ray Koontz (born July 9, 1945) is an American author. His novels are billed as Thriller (genre), suspense thrillers, but frequently incorporate elements of horror fiction, horror, fantasy, science fiction, Mystery fiction, mystery, and satir ...
novel ''Innocence'', deaths caused by the sinking of ''General Slocum'' prompted the construction of secret rooms dedicated to the memory of a family lost.
Film, television, music
* 1904 – ''The Slocum Disaster'' - This silent American Mutoscope and Biograph Company
The Biograph Company, also known as the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, was a motion picture company founded in 1895 and active until 1916. It was the first company in the United States devoted entirely to film production and exhibition ...
(#2932) documentary short filmed by G. W. Bitzer features footage of the collecting of bodies on North Brother Island, the temporary morgue at the offices of Public Charites, and mourners at St. Marks German Evangelical Lutheran Church, taken on June 16 and 17, 1904 and released that same month on the 22nd.
* 1904 – The American composer Charles Ives (1874–1954) wrote the tone poem
A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of orchestral music, usually in a single continuous movement, which illustrates or evokes the content of a poem, short story, novel, painting, landscape, or other (non-musical) source. The German term ''T ...
"The General Slocum", a musical portrait of the disaster.
* 1915 – '' Regeneration'' is an early gangster film directed by Raoul Walsh and produced by William Fox. The film was lost
Lost may refer to getting lost, or to:
Geography
*Lost, Aberdeenshire, a hamlet in Scotland
* Lake Okeechobee Scenic Trail, or LOST, a hiking and cycling trail in Florida, US
History
*Abbreviation of lost work, any work which is known to have bee ...
until the 1970s. It has a lengthy scene in which an excursion picnic ship burns in dramatic fashion while passengers jump overboard, an obvious reference to the ''General Slocum'' disaster. Walsh shot the scene in New York, not far from where the real disaster occurred.
* 1934 – The first scenes of the film ''Manhattan Melodrama
''Manhattan Melodrama'' is a 1934 American pre-Code crime film, produced by MGM, directed by W. S. Van Dyke, and starring Clark Gable, William Powell, and Myrna Loy. The movie also provided one of Mickey Rooney's earliest film roles. (Rooney ...
'' recreated the disaster.
* 1998 – German television produced and aired ''Die Slocum brennt!'' (''The Slocum is on Fire!''), an hour-long documentary by Christian Baudissin about the disaster and its impact on the German community of New York.
* 2001 – A description of the disaster and the following events, in comparison with the September 11 attacks, is given by David Rakoff in an episode of the radio program ''This American Life
''This American Life'' (''TAL'') is an American monthly hour-long radio program produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media and hosted by Ira Glass. It is broadcast on numerous public radio stations in the United States and internatio ...
''.
* 2002 – The ''General Slocum'' disaster was featured in the documentary ''My Father's Gun''.
* 2004 – ''Ship Ablaze'' was a documentary made by History Channel
History (formerly The History Channel from January 1, 1995 to February 15, 2008, stylized as HISTORY) is an American pay television network and flagship channel owned by A&E Networks, a joint venture between Hearst Communications and the Disney ...
, with production help from NFL Films
NFL Productions, LLC, doing business as NFL Films, is the film and television production company of the National Football League. It produces commercials, television programs, feature films, and documentaries for and about the NFL, as well as ...
, featuring a filmed reenactment of the disaster along with interviews of the two remaining ''General Slocum'' survivors. The documentary takes its name from the book by Edward O'Donnell, who is interviewed in it.
* 2004 – ''Fearful Visitation, New York's Great Steamboat Fire of 1904'', produced by Philip Dray
Philip Dray is an American writer and historian, known for his comprehensive analyses of American scientific, racial, and labor history.
Awards
Dray's work ''At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America'' won the Robert F. Ken ...
and Hank Linhart, running time ''53 minutes'', premiered at the New-York Historical Society
The New-York Historical Society is an American history museum and library in New York City, along Central Park West between 76th and 77th Streets, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. The society was founded in 1804 as New York's first museum ...
for the 100-year commemoration in 2004, and was broadcast on PBS
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is a publicly funded nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educat ...
. It features interviews with the last two living survivors and historians Ed O'Donnell, Kenneth T. Jackson, and Lucy Sante.
* 2012 – The disaster was featured in Season 4, Episode 3 of the program ''Mysteries at the Museum
''Mysteries at the Museum'' is an hour-long television program on the Travel Channel which features museum artifacts of unusual or mysterious origins.
Plot
Each episode is focused on interesting and unusual artifacts held in museums. The show ...
''.
* 2017 – The ''American Housewife
''American Housewife'' is an American television sitcom that aired on ABC from October 11, 2016, to March 31, 2021. It is created and written by Sarah Dunn and co-executive produced with Aaron Kaplan, Kenny Schwartz, Rick Wiener, and for the ...
'' TV series episode on May 2 featured a child cast member who had a morbid fear of water which derived from reading about the sinking of ''General Slocum''. She cited several facts about the event.
* 2017 – ''History Retold: Fire at Sea'' is a documentary that describes the disaster among other disasters involving ships catching fire at sea.
* 2022 – The folk music group The Longest Johns
The Longest Johns are a British folk musical group from Bristol, England, consisting of Andy Yates, Dave Robinson, Jonathan "JD" Darley, and Robbie Sattin. They are known for performing folk music and sea shanties in the English tradition, and ...
reference the sinking in their song "Downed and Drowned."
See also
* List of historic fires
This article is a list of notable fires.
Town and city fires
Building or structure fires
Transportation fires
Mining (including oil and natural gas drilling) fires
This is a partial list of fire due to mining: man-made structures to extra ...
* List of maritime disasters in the 20th century
* List of disasters in New York City by death toll
This is a list of disasters that have occurred in New York City organized by death toll. The list is general and comprehensive, comprising natural disasters (including epidemics) and man-made disasters both purposeful and accide ...
* SS ''Eastland''
* SS ''Lexington''
* ''Sea Wing'' disaster
* ''Sultana'' disaster
* Mary McCann
Notes
References
Further reading
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External links
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Adella Liebenow Wotherspoon Photographs and Papers, 1860-2004, PR 400
at th
New-York Historical Society
{{DEFAULTSORT:General Slocum
1891 ships
1904 disasters in the United States
1904 fires in the United States
Engineering failures
Fires in New York City
German-American history
History of New York City
Maritime incidents in the United States
Maritime incidents in 1904
Ships built in Brooklyn
Paddle steamers of the United States
Passenger ships of the United States
Rockaway, Queens
Ship fires
Shipwrecks of the East River
Transportation accidents in New York City
Maritime incidents in 1911
Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Shipwrecks of the New Jersey coast
December 1911 events
June 1904 events
1904 in New York City