The Imperial Order of the White Eagle (russian: О́рден Бе́лого Орла́) was an

Imperial Russian The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. The ...

Order based on the Polish honor. Emperor

Nicholas I of Russia , house = Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp , father = Paul I of Russia , mother = Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg) , birth_date = , birth_place = Gatchina Palace, Gatchina, Russian Empire , death_date ...

established the award in 1831 as the ''Imperial and Royal Order of the White Eagle''. A recipient of the Order was granted the title ''Knight of the Imperial (and Royal) Order of the White Eagle''.

Background

The "white eagle" has been associated with Poland even prior to statehood; first appearing on the Polish Coat of Arms in the 13th century. The original Order of the White Eagle ( pl, Order Orła Białego) was reputedly established by King Władysław I in 1325. There is no evidence of it being awarded, however, until 1705 under

Augustus II the Strong Augustus II; german: August der Starke; lt, Augustas II; in Saxony also known as Frederick Augustus I – Friedrich August I (12 May 16701 February 1733), most commonly known as Augustus the Strong, was Elector of Saxony from 1694 as well as Ki ...

, King of the

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, after 1791, as the Commonwealth of Poland, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania rul ...

. After the

Third Partition of Poland The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland–Lithuania and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Pol ...

in 1795, the Order of the White Eagle briefly disappeared along with the Polish monarchy. After his death in 1798, Empress Alexandra wore the Collar of the Grand Master of the Order at

Nicholas Nicholas is a male given name and a surname. The Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Anglican Churches celebrate Saint Nicholas every year on December 6, which is the name day for "Nicholas". In Greece, the name and i ...

’s coronation as King of Poland. The order was resurrected in 1807 by

Napoleon I Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader wh ...

in his short-lived

Duchy of Warsaw The Duchy of Warsaw ( pl, Księstwo Warszawskie, french: Duché de Varsovie, german: Herzogtum Warschau), also known as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Napoleonic Poland, was a French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during ...

. In 1815, the

Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna (, ) of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon ...

divided the historically Polish lands among

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was '' de facto'' dissolved by an ...

, the

Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire (german: link=no, Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling , ) was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence ...

and the Russian Empire. The majority of the territory was renamed the

Kingdom of Poland The Kingdom of Poland ( pl, Królestwo Polskie; Latin: ''Regnum Poloniae'') was a state in Central Europe. It may refer to: Historical political entities * Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom existing from 1025 to 1031 * Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom exi ...

and was to be an autonomous part of the Russian Empire. The Order of the White Eagle is mentioned as belonging to the Kingdom of Poland in its constitution of 1815: During the years immediately following the Congress of Vienna, the badge and cross of the Order were awarded with the same Polish insignia, but the majority of the recipients were Russians or members of the Austrian Empire. After Russian troops put down the Polish uprising of 1830-31, Nicholas I stripped the autonomy from the Kingdom of Poland and adopted all Polish orders of merit.

Order within the Russian Empire

The Order of the White Eagle was officially "annexed" by Nicholas I on 17 November 1831 and became part of the Russian Imperial honors system. Among the first recipients of the Imperial Order of the White Eagle were

Ivan Paskevich Count Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich-Erevansky, Serene Prince of Warsaw (russian: Ива́н Фёдорович Паске́вич-Эриванский, светлейший князь Варшавский, tr. ; – ) was an Imperial Russian m ...

and Pyotr Petrovich Palen, recognised for their part in suppressing the Polish uprising. The new design featured significant alterations: the badge was now of gold and red enamel; on the front, the original red

maltese cross The Maltese cross is a cross symbol, consisting of four " V" or arrowhead shaped concave quadrilaterals converging at a central vertex at right angles, two tips pointing outward symmetrically. It is a heraldic cross variant which develope ...

and white eagle were reduced in size and superimposed over the

double-headed eagle In heraldry and vexillology, the double-headed eagle (or double-eagle) is a charge associated with the concept of Empire. Most modern uses of the symbol are directly or indirectly associated with its use by the late Byzantine Empire, origin ...

of the Russian Empire. The back of the badge featured the original Polish badge design, superimposed over the Russian imperial eagle. The star now featured the Russian royal crown. On 25 January 1832, a blue ribbon and sash were introduced. The Order of the White Eagle was given a high status in the hierarchy of distinction, ranked only behind the Order of Saint Andrew, the Order of Saint Catherine (for women only) and the

Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky The Imperial Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky was an order of chivalry of the Russian Empire first awarded on by Empress Catherine I of Russia. History The introduction of the Imperial Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky was envisioned by Empero ...

. As the top three awards were named after

Russian Orthodox Russian Orthodoxy (russian: Русское православие) is the body of several churches within the larger communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, whose liturgy is or was traditionally conducted in Church Slavonic language. Most C ...

saints, the Order of the White Eagle was the preferred award to bestow upon non-Christians. It granted hereditary nobility.

Recipients

* Alexander Abaza * 'Abd al-Ahad Khan *

Count Nikolay Adlerberg Count Nikolay Vladimirovich Adlerberg (; 19 May 1819 – 25 December 1892), was a Russian aristocrat who served as Councilor of State and Chamberlain in the imperial court, as well as governor of Taganrog, Simferopol and Finland. Biography ...

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Alexander III of Russia Alexander III ( rus, Алекса́ндр III Алекса́ндрович, r=Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 18451 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. ...

* Alexander Nikolaevich Golitsyn *

Alexander of Battenberg Alexander Joseph ( bg, Александър I Батенберг; 5 April 185717 November 1893), known as Alexander of Battenberg, was the first prince (''knyaz'') of the Principality of Bulgaria from 1879 until his abdication in 1886. The Bulga ...

Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine Prince Alexander Ludwig Georg Friedrich Emil of Hesse and by Rhine, (15 July 1823 – 15 December 1888), was the third son and fourth child of Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse, and Wilhelmine of Baden. He was a brother of Tsarina Maria Alexand ...

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* Ippolit Andreev * Avraamy Aslanbegov * August Gyldenstolpe *

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* Prince August of Württemberg * Theodor Avellan * Count Kasimir Felix Badeni * Ivane Bagration of Mukhrani * Pyotr Romanovich Bagration * Alexander Barclay de Tolly-Weymarn * Vasili Bebutov *

Alexander von Benckendorff (diplomat) Count Alexander Philipp Konstantin Ludwig von Benckendorff (russian: link=no, Александр Константинович Бенкендорф, Alexander Konstantinovich Benkendorf; 1 August 1849 – 11 January 1917) was a Russian diplomat, of ...

* Bhanurangsi Savangwongse * Nikolai Bibikov * Aleksei Birilev *

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* Georgy Bobrikov * Nikolay Bobrikov * Woldemar von Boeckmann * Władysław Grzegorz Branicki * Charles James Briggs * Pavel Bulgakov *

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* Alexander Chavchavadze *

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* Mikhail Pavlovich Danilov * Dmitry Dashkov *

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* Rudolf von Delbrück *

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* Dmitry Petrovich Dokhturov * Mikhail Drozdovsky * Fyodor Dubasov *

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* Alexander Alexandrovich Dushkevich *

Edward VII Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The second child and eldest son of Queen Victoria an ...

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* Nikolai Ottovich von Essen *

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* Aleksei Evert *

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* Giustino Fortunato (1777–1862) * Francis IV, Duke of Modena *

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* Ivan Fullon * Ivan Ganetsky *

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* Aleksandr Gerngross * Fyodor Logginovich van Heiden * Alexander von Güldenstubbe * Grigory Golitsyn * Vladimir Gorbatovsky * Oskar Gripenberg * Iosif Gurko *

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Gustaf VI Adolf Gustaf VI Adolf (Oscar Fredrik Wilhelm Olaf Gustaf Adolf; 11 November 1882 – 15 September 1973) was King of Sweden from 29 October 1950 until his death in 1973. He was the eldest son of Gustaf V and his wife, Victoria of Baden. Before Gustaf Ado ...

* Ferenc Gyulay *

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* Lodewijk van Heiden * Prince Heinrich of Hesse and by Rhine *

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* Alexander Ievreinov *

Illarion Vasilchikov Illarion Illarionovich Vasilchikov (1805 – 12 November 1862) was an Imperial Russian general. He was the son of Illarion Vasilyevich Vasilchikov and Vera Vasilchikova. He was the father of Sergei Vasilchikov. One of his daughters married Alex ...

* Alexander Imeretinsky * Maurice Janin *

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* Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg * Georg von Kameke *

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* Nikolai Kashtalinsky * Alexander von Kaulbars * Gustav von Kessel *

Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia ( rus, Константи́н Константи́нович, p=kənstɐnʲˈtʲin kənstɐnʲˈtʲinəvʲɪtɕ, a=Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov.ru.vorb.oga; 22 August 1858 – 15 June 1915 ...

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* Konstantin Poltoratsky *

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* Apostol Kostanda * Alexander Krivoshein *

Aleksey Kuropatkin Aleksey Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (russian: Алексе́й Никола́евич Куропа́ткин; March 29, 1848January 16, 1925) served as the Russian Imperial Minister of War from January 1898 to February 1904 and as a field comman ...

* Karl Lambert * Sergey Stepanovich Lanskoy * Leonid Lesh *

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* Alexander Mikhailovich Lermontov *

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* Sergei Georgievich, 8th Duke of Leuchtenberg *

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* Prince Louis of Battenberg *

Alexander von Lüders Count Alexander Nikolayevich Liders (russian: Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Ли́дерс, tr. ; 14 January 1790 – 2 February 1874), better known as Alexander von Lüders, was a Russian general and Namestnik of the Kingdom of Pol ...

* Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria *

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* Alexey Manikovsky *

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* Esma'il Mass'oud *

Maximilian I of Mexico Maximilian I (german: Ferdinand Maximilian Josef Maria von Habsburg-Lothringen, link=no, es, Fernando Maximiliano José María de Habsburgo-Lorena, link=no; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was an Austrian archduke who reigned as the only Emperor ...

* Duke William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin *

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* Emmanuel von Mensdorff-Pouilly * Feofil Egorovich Meyendorf *

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Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia (russian: Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович, r=Mikhail Aleksandrovich; 13 June 1918) was the youngest son and fifth child of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and youngest brother of Nicholas ...

* Konstantin Mikhaylovsky *

Milan I of Serbia Milan Obrenović ( sr-cyr, Милан Обреновић, Milan Obrenović; 22 August 1854 – 11 February 1901) reigned as the prince of Serbia from 1868 to 1882 and subsequently as King of Serbia, king from 1882 to 1889. Milan I unexpected ...

* Min Young-hwan * Mikhail Mirkovich * Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan *

Alexander von Moller Alexander Fedorovich von Moller (1796–1862) was an Imperial Russian division commander. He took in the suppression of the uprising in Poland. Awards * Order of Saint George, 4th degree, 1833 * Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov), 1 ...

Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Helmuth is both a masculine German given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include: Given name; * Helmuth Theodor Bossert (1889–1961), German art historian, philologist and archaeologist *Helmuth Duckadam (born 1959), Romanian form ...

* Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski *

Pavel Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (russian: Павел Степанович Нахимов, ; – ) was a Russian Admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy known for his victory in the Battle of Sinop and his leadership in the Siege of Sevastopol (1 ...

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Kamran Mirza Nayeb es-Saltaneh Kamran Mirza ( fa, کامران ميرزا; July 22, 1856 – April 15, 1929), was a Persian Prince of Qajar dynasty and third surviving son of Nasser al-Din Shah. He was the brother of Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan and Mozzafar al-Din Shah. He ...

Nicholas II of Russia Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov; spelled in pre-revolutionary script. ( 186817 July 1918), known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer,. was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Pol ...

Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia Nicholas Alexandrovich (russian: Николай Александрович; – ) was tsesarevich—the heir apparent—of Imperial Russia from 2 March 1855 until his death in 1865. Early life Grand Duke Nicholas was born on 1843, in ...

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Arkady Nikanorovich Nishenkov Arkady Nikanorovich Nishchenkov (6 March 1855 – February 1940 (russian: Аркадий Никанорович Нищенков) was an Imperial Russian general of the artillery and corps commander. He fought in the wars against the Ottoman Emp ...

* Vladimir Nikolayevich Nikitin * August Ludwig von Nostitz * Nikolai Obolensky * David Ivanovich Orlov *

Oscar II Oscar II (Oscar Fredrik; 21 January 1829 – 8 December 1907) was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death in 1907 and King of Norway from 1872 to 1905. Oscar was the son of King Oscar I and Queen Josephine. He inherited the Swedish and Norw ...

Archduke Otto of Austria (1865–1906) en, Otto Francis Joseph Charles Louis Maria , image = ArchdukeOttoof Austria.jpg , birth_date = , birth_place = Graz, Austrian Empire , death_date = , death_place = Vienna, Austria-Hungary , house = Habsburg-Lorraine , fat ...

* Otto of Bavaria * Alexander August Wilhelm von Pape *

Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná (11 January 1801 – 3 September 1856) was a politician, diplomat, judge and monarchist of the Empire of Brazil. Paraná was born to a family of humble means in Jacuí, São Carlos do Jacu ...

* José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco *

* Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia * Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg *

Pedro V of Portugal Peter V ( pt, Pedro V ; 16 September 1837 – 11 November 1861), nicknamed "the Hopeful" ( pt, o Esperançoso), was King of Portugal from 1853 to 1861. Early life and reign As the eldest son of Queen Maria II and King Ferdinand II, Peter was a ...

* Duke Peter of Oldenburg *

Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders nl, Filips Eugeen Ferdinand Marie Clemens Boudewijn Leopold Joris , image = Philippe comte de Flandre (1880).jpg , caption = , spouse = , issue = , house = Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , father ...

* Mikhail Mikhailovich Pleshkov * Karl von Plettenberg *

Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar ( fa, محمدعلی شاه قاجار; 21 June 1872 – 5 April 1925, San Remo, Italy), Shah of Iran from 8 January 1907 to 16 July 1909. He was the sixth shah of the Qajar dynasty. Biography Mohammad Ali Shah Qaja ...

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* Mohammad Taqi Mirza Rokn ed-Dowleh *

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar ( fa, مظفرالدین شاه قاجار, Mozaffar ad-Din Ŝāh-e Qājār; 23 March 1853 – 3 January 1907), was the fifth shah of Qajar Iran, reigning from 1896 until his death in 1907. He is often credited with t ...

Naser al-Din Shah Qajar Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ( fa, ناصرالدین‌شاه قاجار; 16 July 1831 – 1 May 1896) was the fourth Shah of Qajar Iran from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated. He was the son of Mohammad Shah Qajar and Malek ...

* Fyodor Radetsky * Antoni Wilhelm Radziwiłł *

Christopher Roop Christopher Khristoforovich Roop ( Russian, Христофор Христофорович Рооп; May 1, 1831 – 1917) was an Imperial Russian army officer. He was promoted to Polkovnik (colonel) in 1857, major general in 1863 and lieutenant ...

* Prince Rudolf of Liechtenstein *

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Adam Rzhevusky Aleksander Adam Rzewuski (russian: Адам Адамович Ржевуский, tr. ; 1801 – April 17, 1888) was a Polish-Russian general. He was born in Pohrebyshche in the Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine). He pa ...

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* Maximilian Seyssel d'Aix * Ivan Ivanovich Shamshev * Ivan Shestakov * Dmitry Shuvayev *

Arkady Skugarevsky Arkady Platonovich Skugarevsky ( Russian, Аркадий Платонович Скугаревский, 17 January 1847 – ) was an Imperial Russian division and corps commander. He fought in World War I against the Ottoman Empire and the Empire ...

* Vladimir Vasilyevich Smirnov *

Mikhail Sokovin Mikhail Sokovin (Russian, Михаил Алексеевич Соковнин, 18 October 1863 – 1943) was an Imperial Russian army commander. He served in China and fought in the war against the Empire of Japan. He was promoted to polkovnik (co ...

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* Archduke Stephen of Austria (Palatine of Hungary) *

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* Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov *

Wilhelm II, German Emperor Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (german: Kaiser) and King of Prussia, reigning from 15 June 1888 until his abdication on 9 November 1918. Despite strengthening the German Empir ...

William II of Württemberg , spouse = , issue = Pauline, Princess of WiedPrince Ulrich , house = Württemberg , father = Prince Frederick of Württemberg , mother = Princess Catherine of Württemberg , birth_date = , birth_place = S ...

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* Vasily Zavoyko *

Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan ( fa, مسعود میرزا ظل‌السلطان, "Mass'oud Mirza the Sultan's Shadow"; 5 January 1850 in Tabriz – 2 July 1918 in Isfahan), or Massud Mirza, was a Persian prince of the Qajar dynasty; he was known ...

Ferdinand von Zeppelin Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin (german: Ferdinand Adolf Heinrich August Graf von Zeppelin; 8 July 1838 – 8 March 1917) was a German general and later inventor of the Zeppelin rigid airships. His name soon became synonymous with airships a ...

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References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Order Of The White Eagle (Russian Empire) White Eagle, Order of the White Eagle, Order of the White Eagle, Order of the White Eagle, Order of the White Eagle, Order of the White Eagle, Order of the White Eagle, Order of the

Background

Order within the Russian Empire

Recipients

See also

References