The Imperial Order of the Iron Crown (german: Kaiserlicher Orden der Eisernen Krone; it, Ordine imperiale della Corona ferrea) was one of the highest orders of merit in the
Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire (german: link=no, Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling , ) was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence ...
and
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
until 1918. It was founded in 1815 by
Emperor
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereignty, sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), ...
Franz I of Austria as a re-establishment of the original
Order of the Iron Crown
The Order of the Iron Crown ( it, link=no, Ordine della Corona Ferrea) was an order of merit that was established on 5 June 1805 in the Kingdom of Italy by Napoleon Bonaparte under his title of Napoleon I, King of Italy.
The order took its name ...
, which previously had been an order of the Napoleonic
Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when civil discontent led to an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and f ...
.
The order had three classes and, until 1884, all classes conferred automatic hereditary
ennoblement
Ennoblement is the conferring of nobility—the induction of an individual into the noble class. Currently only a few kingdoms still grant nobility to people; among them Spain, the United Kingdom, Belgium and the Vatican. Depending on time and reg ...
. The third class conferred the rank of ''
Ritter
Ritter (German for "knight") is a designation used as a title of nobility in German-speaking areas. Traditionally it denotes the second-lowest rank within the nobility, standing above " Edler" and below "Freiherr" (Baron). As with most titles a ...
'', the second class conferred the rank of ''
Baron'', and the first class conferred the title of
Privy Councillor, the style of
Excellency
Excellency is an honorific style given to certain high-level officers of a sovereign state, officials of an international organization, or members of an aristocracy. Once entitled to the title "Excellency", the holder usually retains the right ...
and the right to attend court. According to the order's statutes, only a limited number of members throughout the empire were allowed at any given time. The maximum number of 1st class knights was 20, for the 2nd class it was 30 and for the 3rd class 50, limiting the total number of members to 100 at any given time.
History
The Holy Roman Empire, ruled by the
Habsburg dynasty
The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...
, gave way to the Empire of Austria between 1804 and 1806. The last
Holy Roman Emperor, Franz II, was proclaimed Emperor Franz I of Austria. His daughter, the Archduchess
Maria Louise, was Napoleon’s second wife and Empress Consort, and the mother of Napoleon’s only legitimate son and heir,
Napoleon, Duke of Reichstadt. With the collapse of Napoleon’s empire, Imperial Austria regained its traditional control of Lombardy as the
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia ( la, links=no, Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae), commonly called the "Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom" ( it, links=no, Regno Lombardo-Veneto, german: links=no, Königreich Lombardo-Venetien), was a constituent land ...
.
The Austrian order was also divided into three distinct classes of knighthood, recognized as the First, Second, and Third Classes. Investment of this order carried an Imperial patent of nobility. With the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in 1918, all but one (the
Order of the Golden Fleece) of the chivalric orders of its monarchy were formally abolished.
Insignia
While the ribbon colors changed from the Imperial French gold and green to the Imperial Austrian gold and royal blue, the general look of the medal remained largely the same – an imperial eagle set within a representation of the Iron Crown of Lombardy. Grand Cross (French) and First Class (Austrian) knights wore a sash and badge over the right shoulder, with an eight-pointed star (that featured the Iron Crown at its center) on the left breast. Imperial French knight commanders wore a traditional military style medal on the left chest, with the addition of a bow in the center of the ribbon to delineate them from ordinary knights. Imperial Austrian Second Class knights wore the medal suspended from a ribbon about the neck. French ordinary knights and Austrian Third Class knights wore a traditional military medal on the left chest.
From 1908 for First Class knights, and from 1917 for Second Class knights, the Imperial Austrian order allowed for an undress version to be worn with service dress. First Class knights were authorized to wear a Third Class military medal on the left breast, with an addition of a device known as a "Kleine Dekoration". The pin device was a miniature version of the First Class breast star, and was worn on the center of the ribbon to delineate the wearer as a knight of the First Class. Variations in the star matched the details of the knight's specific award: including the war decoration wreath and the crossed swords. The Second Class Kleine Dekoration was a miniature depiction of the Iron Crown of Lombardy (copied from the lower part of the actual medal). As with the First Class knights, the Kleine Dekoration for the Second Class knights matched the award to the knights: crown only for peacetime award, crown encircled by a wreath for the war decoration, and topped with swords for those awards "with swords", and was worn in the same fashion as that of the First Class knights.
During
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, awards "with swords" were given to symbolize personal valour of the knight that led to his award. Hence, ordinary knights medals were also frequently adorned with crossed swords, pinned to the tri-fold ribbon.
Notable recipients
Masters of the Order
*
Franz I Francis I or Francis the First may refer to:
* Francesco I Gonzaga (1366–1407)
* Francis I, Duke of Brittany (1414–1450), reigned 1442–1450
* Francis I of France (1494–1547), King of France, reigned 1515–1547
* Francis I, Duke of Saxe-L ...
, Emperor of Austria, 1816–1835
*
Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, 1835-1848
*
Franz Josef I
Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I (german: Franz Joseph Karl, hu, Ferenc József Károly, 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 2 December 1848 until his ...
, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 1848–1916
*
Karl I, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 1916–1918
Knights
*
James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn
James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn (24 August 1838 – 3 January 1913), styled Viscount Hamilton until 1868 and Marquess of Hamilton from 1868 to 1885, was a British nobleman, groom of the stool, and diplomat. He was the son of James Hamilton ...
*
Giuseppe Acerbi
Giuseppe Acerbi (May 3, 1773August 25, 1846) was an Italian naturalist, explorer and composer.
Biography
Giuseppe Acerbi was born on May 3, 1773, in Castel Goffredo, in Lombardy. He was an Italian naturalist, explorer and composer. In 1798, ...
*
Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal
Alois Leopold Johann Baptist Graf Lexa von Aehrenthal (27 September 1854 – 17 February 1912) was diplomat from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Biographer Solomon Wank says he exuded a strong monarchical-conservative outlook, loyalty to the Empire, ...
*
Hasan bey Agalarov
*
Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen
*
Alfred, 2nd Prince of Montenuovo
Alfred, 2nd Prince of Montenuovo and Grandee of Spain (16 September 18546 September 1927) was one of the highest court officials of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. Among his ancestors were members of the House of Habsburg and the Medici family ...
*
Augusto Carlos Teixeira de Aragão
Augusto Carlos Teixeira de Aragão • • • (15 June 1823 – 29 April 1903) was a Portuguese officer, doctor, numismatist, archaeologist and historian. As an officer of the Portuguese army, he retired with the rank of general. Teixeira de ...
*
Count Kasimir Felix Badeni
Count Kasimir Felix Badeni (German: ''Kasimir Felix Graf von Badeni'', Polish: ''Kazimierz Feliks hrabia Badeni''; 14 October 1846 – 9 July 1909), a member of the Polish noble House of Badeni, was an Austrian statesman, who served as Minister- ...
*
Ferdinand von Bauer
*
Heinrich von Bellegarde
Count Heinrich von Bellegarde, Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia (german: Heinrich Joseph Johannes, Graf von Bellegarde or sometimes ''Heinrich von Bellegarde''; 29 August 1756 – 22 July 1845), of a noble Savoyard family, was born in Saxony, joined the ...
*
Johannes Benk
*
Leon Biliński
Chevalier Leon de Biliński (15 June 1846 in Zalischyky, Galicia, now Ukraine – 14 June 1923 in Vienna) was a Polish-Austrian statesman of the Biliński family. He had several important political functions in the Habsburg monarchy and indep ...
*
Josef Bílý
*
Friedrich Wilhelm von Bismarck
*
Herbert von Bismarck
Nikolaus Heinrich Ferdinand Herbert, Prince of Bismarck (born Nikolaus Heinrich Ferdinand Herbert Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen; 28 December 1849 – 18 September 1904) was a German politician, who served as Foreign Secretary from 1886 to 1890. H ...
*
Otto von Bismarck
*
Wilhelm von Bismarck
Count Wilhelm Otto Albrecht von Bismarck-Schönhausen (1 August 1852 – 30 May 1901) was a German counselor, civil servant and politician, who served as a member of the Reichstag from 1880 to 1881 and president of the Regency of Hanover from ...
*
Fedor von Bock
Moritz Albrecht Franz Friedrich Fedor von Bock (3 December 1880 – 4 May 1945) was a German who served in the German Army during the Second World War. Bock served as the commander of Army Group North during the Invasion of Poland ...
*
Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli (12 February 1856 – 9 December 1941) was an Austrian general during World War I who rose to the rank of field marshal in the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was the head of the Second Army and fought mainly on the fr ...
*
Walther Bronsart von Schellendorff
Walther Franz Georg Bronsart von Schellendorff (21 December 1833, in Danzig – 13 December 1914, at Gut Marienhof, Amt Güstrow, Mecklenburg), Dr. jur. h.c., was a Prussian General of the Infantry ''à la suite'', Adjutant-General to the ...
*
Bruno, Prince of Ysenburg and Büdingen
''Bruno'' Casimir Albert Emil Ferdinand of Ysenburg and Büdingen (14 June 1837 – 26 January 1906) was the third Prince of Ysenburg and Büdingen. Bruno was the eldest son of Ernst Casimir II, 2nd Prince of Ysenburg and Büdingen and his wife ...
*
Adolf von Brudermann
*
Rudolf von Brudermann
Rudolf Nikolaus Ritter von Brudermann (from 1919 Rudolf Brudermann; 9 January 1851 Gyöngyös, Hungary – 21 January 1941 Kaltenleutgeben, Lower Austria, Austria) was an Austro-Hungarian ''General der Kavallerie'' ( general of the cavalry) duri ...
*
Bernhard von Bülow
*
Karl von Bülow
Karl Wilhelm Paul von Bülow (24 March 1846 – 31 August 1921) was a German field marshal commanding the German 2nd Army during World War I from 1914 to 1915.
Biography
Born in Berlin to the distinguished Prussian military family von Bülow ...
*
Artur Maximilian von Bylandt-Rheidt
*
Leo von Caprivi
Georg Leo Graf von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecuccoli (English: ''Count George Leo of Caprivi, Caprara, and Montecuccoli''; born Georg Leo von Caprivi; 24 February 1831 – 6 February 1899) was a German general and statesman who served as the cha ...
*
Eduard Clam-Gallas
*
Count Manfred von Clary-Aldringen
*
Prince Siegfried von Clary-Aldringen
*
Cevat Çobanlı
*
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
Franz Xaver Josef Conrad von Hötzendorf (after 1919 Franz Conrad; 11 November 1852 – 25 August 1925), sometimes anglicised as Hoetzendorf, was an Austrian general who played a central role in World War I. He served as '' K.u.k. Feldmarschall ...
*
Anton Csorich
*
Karl von Czyhlarz
Karl Ritter von Czyhlarz, or Karel Cihlář (August 17, 1833, Lovosice, Bohemia - July 21, 1914, Vienna) was a Bohemian-Austrians, Austrian jurist, politician.
He taught as a professor at the Charles University in Prague (1858-1892), University ...
*
Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck
Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck zu Ehrenstein (14 February 1829 – 5 December 1897) was an Austrian admiral who served as the chief administrator of the Austro-Hungarian Navy from 1883 until his death.
Biography
He was born at Klagen ...
*
Adolf von Deines
Johann Georg Adolf Ritter von Deines (May 30, 1845–November 17, 1911) was a Prussian soldier, diplomat, and educator, as well as a member of the lower nobility.
As a member of the Prussian Army, Deines rose to the rank of Cavalry Gene ...
*
Rudolf von Delbrück
Martin Friedrich Rudolf von Delbrück (; 16 April 1817 – 1 February 1903) was a Prussian statesman at the time of Otto von Bismarck.
Early life
Delbrück was born at Berlin, Province of Brandenburg. He came of a distinguished family, his fathe ...
*
Georg Dragičević
*
Ludwig Draxler
*
Carl August Ehrensvärd (1858–1944)
Count Carl August Ehrensvärd (16 September 1858 – 16 February 1944) was a Swedish Navy admiral, politician and Minister for Naval Affairs 1907–1911.
Early life
Ehrensvärd was born on 16 September 1858 at Tosterup Castle, Tomelilla Municipa ...
*
Josef Fanderlik
*
Géza Fejérváry
*
Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Ferdinand is a Germanic name composed of the elements "protection", "peace" (PIE "to love, to make peace") or alternatively "journey, travel", Proto-Germanic , abstract noun from root "to fare, travel" (PIE , "to lead, pass over"), and "co ...
*
Emanuel Salomon Friedberg-Mírohorský
*
Ventura García-Sancho, Marquess of Aguilar de Campoo
*
Agenor Maria Gołuchowski
Count Agenor Maria Adam Gołuchowski (25 March 184928 March 1921) was a Polish politician, statesman who inherited much of his father's wealth. Between 1895 and 1906 he served as the Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary, Minister of Foreign Affair ...
*
Heinrich von Gossler
Heinrich Wilhelm Martin von Goßler (29 September 1841, in Weißenfels, Province of Saxony – 10 January 1927, in Berlin-Wilmersdorf) was a Prussian General of the Infantry and Minister of War. He was a Knight of Justice (''Rechtsritter'') ...
*
Karl von Habsburg
Karl von Habsburg (given names: ''Karl Thomas Robert Maria Franziskus Georg Bahnam''; born 11 January 1961) is an Austrian politician and the head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, therefore being a claimant to the defunct Austro-Hungarian t ...
*
Otto von Habsburg
Otto von Habsburg (german: Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius, hu, Ferenc József Ottó Róbert Mária Antal Károly Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Lajos Gaetan ...
*
Wilhelm von Hahnke
Wilhelm Gustav Karl Bernhard von Hahnke (1 October 1833 in Berlin – 8 February 1912) was a Prussian Field Marshal, and Chief of the German Imperial Military Cabinet from 1888 to 1901.
Biography
Born into an old Prussian family of offic ...
*
Anton Haus
Anton Johann Haus (13 June 1851 – 8 February 1917) was an Austrian naval officer. Despite his German surname, he was born to a Slovenian-speaking family in Tolmein (now Tolmin, Slovenia). Haus was fleet commander of the Austro-Hungarian Navy ...
*
Alajos Hauszmann
Alajos Hauszmann (also called as ''Alois'', June 9, 1847 – July 31, 1926) was a Hungarian architect, professor, and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Life
Hauszmann was born in Buda in 1847 into a family of Bavarian origin as ...
*
Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld
*
Miklós Horthy
Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya ( hu, Vitéz nagybányai Horthy Miklós; ; English: Nicholas Horthy; german: Nikolaus Horthy Ritter von Nagybánya; 18 June 1868 – 9 February 1957), was a Hungarian admiral and dictator who served as the regent ...
*
Archduke Hubert Salvator of Austria
, image = Hubert Salvator Habsburg 1914.jpg
, caption =
, spouse = Princess Rosemary of Salm-Salm
, issue = Archduke Friedrich Salvator Agnes Christina, Princess Karl Alfred of LiechtensteinArchduchess Maria Marga ...
*
Dietrich von Hülsen-Haeseler
*
Karl Georg Huyn
*
Itō Hirobumi
was a Japanese politician and statesman who served as the first Prime Minister of Japan. He was also a leading member of the ''genrō'', a group of senior statesmen that dictated Japanese policy during the Meiji era.
A London-educated samu ...
*
Ányos Jedlik
Ányos István Jedlik ( hu, Jedlik Ányos István; sk, Štefan Anián Jedlík; in older texts and publications: la, Stephanus Anianus Jedlik; 11 January 1800 – 13 December 1895) was a Hungarian inventor, engineer, physicist, and Bened ...
*
Archduke Joseph August of Austria
Archduke Joseph August Viktor Klemens Maria of Austria, Prince of Hungary and Bohemia (9 August 1872 – 6 July 1962) was a ''Feldmarschall'' (field marshal) of the Austro-Hungarian Army and for a short period head of state of Hungary. He wa ...
*
Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria
, spouse =Rosa KaltenbrunnerGertrude Tomanek von Beyerfels-Mondsee
, issue =Claudia von Habsburg-Lothringen Maximilian von Habsburg-Lothringen
, house = Habsburg-Lorraine
, father = Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany
, m ...
*
Georg von Kameke
Arnold Karl Georg von Kameke (14 April 1817, in Pasewalk – 12 October 1893, in Berlin) was a Prussian General of the Infantry and Minister of War.
Life
Arnold Karl Georg von Kameke was a son of Prussian army officer Georg Christian Friedric ...
*
Gustav von Kessel
Gustav Emil Bernhard Bodo von Kessel (6 April 1846 – 28 May 1918) was a German general who served in the Austro-Prussian War, the Franco-Prussian War and World War I.
Biography
Gustav von Kessel was born on 6 April 1846 in Potsdam, Prussia. He ...
*
Karl Graf von Kirchbach auf Lauterbach
*
Anton Klodič von Sabladoski
*
Eduard von Knorr
*
Hans von Koester
*
Alexander von Koller
*
Prince Konrad of Bavaria
*
Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza
Hermann Albin Josef Freiherr Kövess von Kövessháza ( hu, kövessházi báró Kövess Hermann; 30 March 1854 – 22 September 1924) was the final, and completely ceremonial, Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Army. He served as a gener ...
*
Franz Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld
*
Auguste, Baron Lambermont
*
Franciszek Latinik
Franciszek Ksawery Latinik (17 July 1864 – 29 August 1949) was a Polish military officer, Colonel of Austro-Hungarian Army and Major General of the Polish Army.
Graduate of the General Staff Academy in Vienna, from 1914 he was a commander of th ...
*
Ernst Lauda
Ernst Ritter von Lauda (born Ernst Philipp Johann Lauda, 15 August 18593 July 1932), was an Austrian hydraulic and bridge engineer who was an adviser to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. He was awarded the Order of Franz Joseph and the second ...
*
Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria
Archduke Leopold Salvator, Prince of Tuscany (Leopold Salvator Maria Joseph Ferdinand Franz von Assisi Karl Anton von Padua Johann Baptist Januarius Aloys Gonzaga Rainer Wenzel Galius von Österreich-Toskana) (15 October 1863 – 4 September ...
*
Joseph Maximilian von Maillinger
Joseph Maximilian Fridolin Ritter von Maillinger (4 October 1820 – 6 October 1901) was a Bavarian General der Infanterie and War Minister under Ludwig II of Bavaria.
Biography
Von Maillinger was born in Passau. After passing his company offic ...
*
Ferdinand von Malaisé
Ferdinand Malaisé, after 1862 Ritter Ferdinand von Malaisé (23 February 1806, Linz on the Rhine, Germany – 29 June 1892, Munich, Germany). Knight of the Order of St. Joseph of Tuscany (III Class), the Iron Crown of Austria (II Class with ...
*
Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel
Edwin Karl Rochus Freiherr von Manteuffel (24 February 180917 June 1885) was a Prussian ''Generalfeldmarschall'' noted for his victories in the Franco-Prussian War, and the first Imperial Lieutenant (german: Reichsstatthalter) of Alsace–Lorrai ...
*
Jan Matejko
*
Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor
*
Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
Graf Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von Moltke (; 25 May 1848 – 18 June 1916), also known as Moltke the Younger, was a German general and Chief of the Great German General Staff. He was also the nephew of '' Generalfeldmarschall'' ''Graf'' Helmuth ...
*
Rudolf Montecuccoli
Rudolf Graf Montecuccoli degli Erri (22 February 1843-16 May 1922) was chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy from 1904 to 1913 and largely responsible for the modernization of the fleet before the First World War.
Overview
Montecuccoli was born i ...
*
Georg Alexander von Müller
*
Miroslav Navratil
Miroslav (Friedrich) Navratil (19 July 1893 – 7 June 1947) was a Croatian soldier, pilot, and general who served in the armies of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the Independent State of Croatia.
Until the end of World War I
...
*
Nicholas I of Montenegro
Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš ( sr-cyr, Никола I Петровић-Његош; – 1 March 1921) was the last monarch of Montenegro from 1860 to 1918, reigning as prince from 1860 to 1910 and as the country's first and only king from 1910 to 19 ...
*
Maximilian Njegovan
Maksimilijan Njegovan (31 October 1858 – 1 July 1930) was an Austro-Hungarian admiral of Croatian descent. He was the Navy's senior administrator as well as its fleet commander in World War I, from 1917 to 1918. He "inherited a competent but ...
*
Laval Nugent von Westmeath
Laval Graf Nugent von Westmeath (3 November 1777 – 21 August 1862) was a soldier of Irish birth, who fought in the armies of Austria and the Two Sicilies.
Biography
Born at Ballynacor, Ireland, Nugent was the son of Count Michael Anton N ...
*
Alexander August Wilhelm von Pape
Alexander August Wilhelm von Pape (2 February 1813 – 7 May 1895) was a Royal Prussian infantry Colonel-General with the special rank of Generalfeldmarschall.
Biography
Pape was born in Berlin. He started his military career in 1830 as Fah ...
*
Thorleif Paus
Thorleif Paus (; 8 October 1881 – 9 June 1976), also known as Thorleif de Paus or Thorleif von Paus, was a Norwegian diplomat, estate owner and businessman. As a 23 year old consular secretary he became Norway's only diplomatic representative to ...
*
Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria
, title = Archduke of Austria
, image = Peterferdinandösterrtosk.jpg
, caption =
, succession =
, predecessor =
, successor =
, reign =
, spouse =
, issue =
, ...
*
Karl von Pflanzer-Baltin
Karl Freiherr von Pflanzer-Baltin (1 June 1855, Pécs, Hungary - 8 April 1925, Vienna) was an Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austro-Hungarian general who was active in World War I.
Biography
Pflanzer-Baltin became General of Cavalry from October 1912 a ...
*
Hans von Plessen
*
Ferdinand von Quast
Alexander Ferdinand Ludolf von Quast (18 October 1850 – 27 March 1939) was a Prussian military officer, participant in the Franco-Prussian War and a general in the First World War. He commanded the German 6th Army during the Battle of the Lys ...
*
Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
Johann Josef Wenzel Anton Franz Karl, Graf Radetzky von Radetz ( en, John Joseph Wenceslaus Anthony Francis Charles, Count Radetzky of Radetz; cz, Jan Josef Václav Antonín František Karel hrabě Radecký z Radče; sl, Janez Jožef Vencelj ...
*
Antoni Wilhelm Radziwiłł
Prince Antoni Wilhelm Radziwiłł ( pl, Fryderyk Wilhelm Ferdynand Antoni Radziwiłł; 31 March 183316 December 1904) was a member of the Polish-Lithuanian nobility and a General of the Artillery in the Prussian Army. He was the nephew of Princes ...
*
Wilhelm von Ramming
Wilhelm Freiherr von Ramming von Riedkirchen (30 June 1815 - 1 July 1876) was an Austrian ''Feldzeugmeister'' who commanded an army corps during the Austro-Prussian War.
Biography
After attending the Wiener Neustadt Military Academy, Wilhelm Ra ...
*
Manfred von Richthofen
Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (; 2 May 1892 – 21 April 1918), known in English as Baron von Richthofen or the Red Baron, was a fighter pilot with the German Air Force during World War I. He is considered the ace-of-aces of ...
*
Sándor Farkas de Boldogfa
Vitéz Sándor Farkas de Boldogfa (16 September 1880 – 11 January 1946) was a Hungarian nobleman, colonel of the Kingdom of Hungary, captain of the Order of Vitéz of the county of Zala. He was knight of the Order of the Austrian Iron Crown ...
*
Prince William of Schaumburg-Lippe
, house =House of Lippe
, father =George William, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe
, mother =Princess Ida of Waldeck and Pyrmont
, birth_date =
, birth_place =Bückeburg, Schaumburg-Lippe, German Confederation
, death_date =
, d ...
*
Alfred von Schlieffen
Graf Alfred von Schlieffen, generally called Count Schlieffen (; 28 February 1833 – 4 January 1913) was a German field marshal and strategist who served as chief of the Imperial German General Staff from 1891 to 1906. His name lived on in t ...
*
Emil von Schlitz
*
Eberhard Graf von Schmettow
*
Friedrich von Scholl
*
August Schwendenwein von Lanauberg
*
Hans von Seeckt
Johannes "Hans" Friedrich Leopold von Seeckt (22 April 1866 – 27 December 1936) was a German military officer who served as Chief of Staff to August von Mackensen and was a central figure in planning the victories Mackensen achieved for Germany ...
*
Gustav von Senden-Bibran
*
Stanisław Smolka
*
Hermann von Spaun
Hermann Freiherr von Spaun (9 May 1833 – 28 May 1919) was an admiral in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy from December 1897 to October 1904.
Background
Born into the Swabian noble family of Sp ...
*
Philipp von Stadion und Thannhausen
Philipp Franz Emerich Karl von Stadion und Thannhausen (9 May 1799 – 19 March 1868 in Vienna) was an Austrian ''feldmarschall-leutnant'' ( lieutenant field marshal) and '' Landkomtur'' (National Commander) of the Teutonic Order in Austria.
Bio ...
*
Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten
Rudolf Stöger-Steiner Freiherr von Steinstätten (26 April 1861 – 12 May 1921) was a Austro-Hungarian Army#Ranks, colonel general in the Austro-Hungarian army and served as the last Minister of War (Austria-Hungary), Imperial Minister for ...
*
Stanisław Szeptycki
Count Stanisław Maria Jan Teofil Szeptycki (3 November 1867 – 9 October 1950) was a Polish count, general and military commander.
Biography
Born in 1867 in Galicia, Austria-Hungary to the aristocratic Szeptycki family, he was the grandson of ...
*
Sándor Szurmay
Vitéz Baron Sándor Szurmay de Uzsok (19 December 1860 – 26 February 1945) was a Hungarian military officer and politician, who served as Minister of Defence for the Hungarian portion of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary between 1917 and 1 ...
*
Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen
Ludwig Samson Heinrich Arthur Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen (18 June 181526 April 1881) was a Bavarian general.
Early life
Born in Darmstadt, on the day of Waterloo, Ludwig was a descendant from the old family of von der Tann, whi ...
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Myron Tarnavsky
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Karl Tersztyánszky von Nádas
Karl Tersztyánszky von Nádas, officially Károly Tersztyánszky, also alternatively written Tersztyánszky de Nádas (28 October 1854 – 7 March 1921) was an Austro-Hungarian general who served in World War I.
Biography
Tersztyánszky was born ...
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Tewfik Pasha
Mohamed Tewfik Pasha ( ar, محمد توفيق باشا ''Muḥammad Tawfīq Bāshā''; April 30 or 15 November 1852 – 7 January 1892), also known as Tawfiq of Egypt, was khedive of Egypt and the Sudan between 1879 and 1892 and the sixth rule ...
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Georg von Trapp
Georg Ludwig Ritter von Trapp (4 April 1880 – 30 May 1947) was an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Navy who later became the patriarch of the Trapp Family, Trapp Family Singers. Trapp was the most successful Austro-Hungarian submarine command ...
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Fyodor Trepov (senior)
Fedor Fedorovich (Fyodor Fyodorovich) Trepov Senior (russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Тре́пов) (1809–1889) was a Russian government official.
He was a natural child of Friedrich Wilhelm von Stenger (1770–1832) and was registered i ...
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Aymard d'Ursel
Marie-Henri-Adrien-Aymard count d'Ursel (1849-1939) was a Belgian Noble Courtier of the Vatican.
By mother's side he was a grandson of Marie-Hippolyte de Gueulluy, 2nd Marquess of Rumigny and a descendant of Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise. H ...
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Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov
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Karl von Wedel
Karl, Prince of Wedel (german: Karl Fürst von Wedel; 5 February 1842 – 30 December 1919), born Karl Leo Julius Graf von Wedel, was a Prussian general and diplomat who served as the fourth Imperial Lieutenant (''german: Reichsstatthalter' ...
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Ludwig von Welden
Franz Ludwig Baron von Welden (16 June 1780, Laupheim – 7 August 1853, Graz) was an Austrian army officer whose career culminated in becoming the commander-in-chief of the Austrian artillery.
Born in Laupheim, Ludwig von Welden joined the a ...
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Karl Weyprecht
Karl Weyprecht, also spelt Carl Weyprecht, (8 September 1838 – 2 March 1881) was an Austro-Hungarian explorer. He was an officer ('' k.u.k. Linienschiffsleutnant'') in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. He is most famous as an Arctic explorer, and ...
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Duke William of Württemberg
Duke William of Württemberg (german: Wilhelm Nikolaus Herzog von Württemberg; 20 July 1828 – 5 November 1896) was an Austrian and Württemberg General.
Early life and family
Duke William was born at Carlsruhe, Kingdom of Prussia (now P ...
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Constantin von Wurzbach
Constantin Wurzbach Ritter von Tannenberg (11 April 1818 – 17 August 1893) was an Austrian biographer, lexicographer and author.
Biography
He was born in Laibach, Carniola (present-day Ljubljana, Slovenia).He later went on to complete a cou ...
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Yamagata Aritomo
'' Gensui'' Prince , also known as Prince Yamagata Kyōsuke, was a senior-ranking Japanese military commander, twice-elected Prime Minister of Japan, and a leading member of the '' genrō'', an élite group of senior statesmen who dominated J ...
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Arthur Zimmermann
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August zu Eulenburg
See also
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Order of chivalry
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Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)
The Order of St. George – a European Order of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (german: St. Georgs-Orden – ein Europäischer Orden des Hauses Habsburg-Lothringen), or simply Order of Saint George, is a dynastic order of chivalry and thus a house ...
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Orders, decorations, and medals of Austria-Hungary
This is a list of Orders, decorations, and medals of Austria-Hungary.
Orders
* Order of the Golden Fleece (''Orden vom Goldenen Vlies'')
* Military Order of Maria Theresa (''Militär-Maria Theresien-Orden'')
* Order of Saint Stephen of Hungar ...
Sources
* Blom, Philipp. ''To Have and to Hold: An Intimate History of Collectors and Collecting''. Overlook, 2003. pp. 146–147.
* Gottschalck, Friedrich. ''Almanach der Ritter-Orden''. Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony: Georg Joachim Goeschen, 1819.
Austrian Biographical Encyclopaedia and Biographical Documentation
References
{{Authority control
Iron Crown, Order of the
Orders, decorations, and medals of Austria-Hungary
1815 establishments in the Austrian Empire
Military awards and decorations of Austria-Hungary
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Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor