''Muavenet-i Milliye'' or ''Muâvenet-i Millîye'' was a
destroyer
In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, manoeuvrable, long-endurance warship intended to escort
larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against powerful short range attackers. They were originally developed in ...
built for the
Ottoman Navy prior to
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
. The ship is most notable for sinking the British
pre-dreadnought battleship during the
Dardanelles Campaign in
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
.
Naming
"Muâvenet" means ''support'' in
Ottoman Turkish
Ottoman Turkish ( ota, لِسانِ عُثمانى, Lisân-ı Osmânî, ; tr, Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language used by the citizens of the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extens ...
, and the full name of this first ship of that name, "Muâvenet-i Millîye", signifies ''national support''. Her name was given in honor of the
Ottoman Navy National Support Association (''Donanma-i Osmânî Muâvenet-i Millîye Cemiyeti'', in short Navy Association / ''Donanma Cemiyeti''). This association was founded on the initiative of a merchant named
Yağcızade Şefik Bey in July 1909, followed shortly afterwards by a wider participation including the more modest layers of the society. It collected funds through voluntary participation from among the Ottoman public to finance her purchase. ''Muâvenet-i Millîye'' was the first ship purchased, in Germany, through the financing made available thanks to the efforts of the association.
[The collection of funds for the Ottoman Navy took the proportions of a nation-wide affair, with ordinary households contributing their valuables, housewives, for example, donating their jewellery. For details, see , abstract also in English. Some sources consider the Navy Association to be the direct ancestor of Milli Piyango, the Turkish National ]Lottery
A lottery is a form of gambling that involves the drawing of numbers at random for a prize. Some governments outlaw lotteries, while others endorse it to the extent of organizing a national or state lottery. It is common to find some degree of ...
, for the draws of lots it organized within the frame of its fund collection efforts.
Three other
Turkish Navy ships of different periods, the last being presently in service, were later named in memory of ''Muâvenet-i Millîye'' to recall her achievement. One of the first aircraft of the
Ottoman air squadrons, contemporaneous to the ship, was given the same name.
Operations
![Ahmet saffet ohkay](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Ahmet_saffet_ohkay.jpg)
''Muavenet-i Milliye'' and her sister ships, ''Yadigar-i Millet'', ''Numune-i Hamiyet'', and ''Gayret-i Vataniye'', were originally laid down as the German
torpedo boats ''S165-S168''. Upon completion, they were sold to the Ottoman Navy in September 1910. (
Schichau-Werft
Schichau Seebeckwerft (often abbreviated SSW) was a German shipbuilding company, headquartered in Bremerhaven. The name comes from the 1988 merger of Schichau with Seebeckwerft.
History
The original company Schichau was founded in 1837 by Fer ...
built a second group of
torpedo boats named ''S165-S168'' as replacements, completing them in 1911.)
As of 1912, the command of ''Muâvenet-i Millîye'' was assumed by the Kıdemli Yüzbaşı (senior lieutenant, see
Naval officer ranks) Ayasofyali Ahmed Saffed (after the
Surname Law of 1934:
Ahmet Saffet Ohkay), member of a new generation of officers who were specially trained in view of the more modern ships the Ottoman Navy acquired. In the first months of the Ottoman entry into
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, the ship was assigned to missions in the
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Roma ...
, from where she was re-directed towards
Çanakkale
Çanakkale (pronounced ), ancient ''Dardanellia'' (), is a city and seaport in Turkey in Çanakkale province on the southern shore of the Dardanelles at their narrowest point. The population of the city is 195,439 (2021 estimate).
Çanakkale is ...
with the start of the
Dardanelles Campaign.
Sinking of ''Goliath''
was part of the Allied fleet in the
naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign, supporting the
landing at Cape Helles
The landing at Cape Helles ( tr, Seddülbahir Çıkarması) was part of the Gallipoli Campaign the amphibious landings on the Gallipoli peninsula by British and French forces on 25 April 1915 during the First World War. Helles, at the foot o ...
on 25 April 1915. On the night of 12–13 May 1915 ''Goliath'' was stationed, along with and screened by five destroyers, in Morto Bay off
Cape Helles, in an effort to relieve the pressure on the
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
flank of the landing.
The French had asked the assistance of the battleships against the Ottoman counterattacks targeting to recapture Kerevizdere. Thus, every night two battleships began to bombard the Ottoman positions. The Ottoman side, to eliminate damages caused by these battleships, assigned ''Muâvenet-i-Millîye''. During the day, the
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
captain lieutenant
Rudolph Firle and two other officers, who had carried out a
reconnaissance
In military operations, reconnaissance or scouting is the exploration of an area by military forces to obtain information about enemy forces, terrain, and other activities.
Examples of reconnaissance include patrolling by troops (skirmisher ...
mission near Morto Bay earlier, had embarked on ''Muâvenet-i Millîye'' to manage the
torpedo
A modern torpedo is an underwater ranged weapon launched above or below the water surface, self-propelled towards a target, and with an explosive warhead designed to detonate either on contact with or in proximity to the target. Historically, su ...
operations. And on 10 May, at 13:30, ''Muâvenet-i-Millîye'' arrived at the strait and the preparations for its new assignment had begun. It was on 12 May, at 18:40, ''Muâvenet-i-Millîye'' went into action. Between 19:00 and 19:30, she passed the mines and on 19:40 she anchored in Soğanlıdere and waited until midnight. The projectors of the Allied battleships were closed down at 23:30.
''Muâvenet-i-Millîye'' weighed anchor at 00:30 and slipped through the European side of the strait. The Allied destroyers failed to notice her advance. At 01:00 on the line astern of ''Muâvenet-i-Millîye'', two destroyers were seen, on the forehead was ''Goliath''. ''Goliath'' asked the password and ''Muâvenet-i-Millîye'', without losing time, responded with three torpedoes. The first torpedo hit the
bridge
A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle (such as a body of water, valley, road, or rail) without blocking the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, which is usually somethi ...
, the second hit the
funnel and the third the
stern
The stern is the back or aft-most part of a ship or boat, technically defined as the area built up over the sternpost, extending upwards from the counter rail to the taffrail. The stern lies opposite the bow, the foremost part of a ship. Ori ...
. The battleship
capsized almost immediately taking 570 of the over 700 crew to the bottom, including her captain.
The sinking of ''Goliath'' led to direct and drastic upheaval for the
British Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...
top command and strategy. Two days after the loss of their ship, on 15 May 1915, the
First Sea Lord Admiral Fisher
John Arbuthnot Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher, (25 January 1841 – 10 July 1920), commonly known as Jacky or Jackie Fisher, was a British Admiral of the Fleet. With more than sixty years in the Royal Navy, his efforts to reform the service helped ...
resigned amidst bitter arguments with the
First Lord of the Admiralty,
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 Winston Churchill in the Second World War, dur ...
, causing, on 17 May, Churchill's resignation too.
General Hamilton noted in his diary that, "The Turks deserve a medal." The Allies had failed to achieve their expectations with the landings. Thus, the British began to make plans for the resumption of the naval attack. However, the torpedoing of ''Goliath'' had proven that it would be prohibitively expensive to open the straits by a pure naval attack. The valuable modern battleship was recalled from the Dardanelles. The subsequent loss of battleships at
Anzac and at
Cape Helles, both torpedoed by , resulted in a further reduction in naval support for the Allied land troops.
The ship captain, Kıdemli Yüzbaşı
Ayasofyali Ahmed Saffed, the German lieutenant
Rudolph Firle and his two deputies and the over 90 Ottoman crew were greeted as heroes in Istanbul, all lights along the
Bosphorus
The Bosporus Strait (; grc, Βόσπορος ; tr, İstanbul Boğazı 'Istanbul strait', colloquially ''Boğaz'') or Bosphorus Strait is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul in northwestern Tu ...
having been lit specially to their honor, and were rewarded with medals and decorations.
[Most importantly, this successful operation boosted the moral of the Ottoman soldiers. Ahmet Saffet Ohkay pursued a successful career in the Turkish Navy, the culmination of which was the top command for a brief period in 1924, during the 1924–1927 transitory phase between the Ottoman Navy and the ]Turkish Naval Forces
The Turkish Naval Forces ( tr, ), or Turkish Navy ( tr, ) is the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces.
The modern naval traditions and customs of the Turkish Navy can be traced back to 10 July 1920, when it was establis ...
. After 1927, he served as deputy in the Turkish Grand National Assembly
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( tr, ), usually referred to simply as the TBMM or Parliament ( tr, or ''Parlamento''), is the unicameral Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by the Turkish Consti ...
for three terms. Rudolph Firle wrote a book on the Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the North and Central European Plain.
The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from ...
operations during the war, still a reference, and led a career in the German merchant fleet.
Subsequent Operations
At the
Battle of Imbros
The Battle of Imbros was a naval action that took place during the First World War. The battle occurred on 20 January 1918 when an Ottoman squadron engaged a flotilla of the British Royal Navy off the island of Imbros in the Aegean Sea. A lack ...
on 20 January 1918, ''Muavenet-i Milliye'' and three other Ottoman destroyers sortied from the Dardanelles and engaged the British destroyers ''Lizard'' and ''Tigress'' which were chasing the crippled Ottoman battlecruiser ''
Yavûz Sultân Selîm''. These were driven off, and ''Yavûz'' returned to Constantinople.
With the collapse of the Ottoman war effort, ''Muavenet-i Milliye'' was decommissioned in October 1918. Discarded by the postwar Turkish Navy in 1924, the ship was used as an accommodation hulk at the Taşkızak shipyard. She was finally scrapped in 1953.
Footnotes
Sources
{{DEFAULTSORT:Muavenet-I Milliye, Ottoman Torpedo Boat
Muavenet-i Milliye-class destroyers
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Ships built in Danzig
Naval ships of the Ottoman Empire
Ships of Turkey
Naval ships of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan Wars
World War I naval ships of the Ottoman Empire
1909 ships
Gallipoli campaign
Ships built by Schichau