Otto Kleinschmidt (13 December 1870 – 25 March 1954) was a German
ornithologist
Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the "methodological study and consequent knowledge of birds with all that relates to them." Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and th ...
,
theologist
Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the s ...
and pastor.
Career
Kleinschmidt was born as the son of the factory overseer Adolph Kleinschmidt and his wife Elise (maiden name Dreydorf) in Geinsheim (Kornsand) on the Rhine. The house of the family was located miles from anywhere in between unspoiled countryside. Otto Kleinschmidt was already as a young boy highly interested in nature and the world of the birds. Besides that it was kind of a family tradition to research and collect. Already at the age of 8 Otto prepared his first taxidermied birds.
He introduced a
typological species concept into German ornithology. His ''Formenkreis theory'' influenced the early ideas of
Erwin Stresemann
Erwin Friedrich Theodor Stresemann (22 November 1889, in Dresden – 20 November 1972, in East Berlin) was a German naturalist and ornithologist. Stresemann was an ornithologist of extensive breadth who compiled one of the first and most compr ...
.
[ Others have considered him one of the first biogeographers. His position was that similar "forms" (species) found in geographically distant regions could be accounted for by "formation rings" – with a fixed set of characters. This allowed him to support ]creationism
Creationism is the religious belief that nature, and aspects such as the universe, Earth, life, and humans, originated with supernatural acts of divine creation. Gunn 2004, p. 9, "The ''Concise Oxford Dictionary'' says that creationism is 't ...
while explaining biogeographical similarities.[
Kleinschmidt's book ''The Formenkreis Theory and the Progress of the Organic World'' was translated in 1930 by ]Francis Charles Robert Jourdain
The Reverend Francis Charles Robert Jourdain M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. (4 March 1865 – 27 February 1940), was a notable British amateur ornithologist and oologist. He was primarily known for his extensive research into the breeding biology of ...
. Mixed reviews appeared in American and British journals.
Historians of science Georgy S. Levit, Kay Meister and Uwe Hoßfeld have noted that:
Kleinschmidt’s creationistic concept led him not only to the rejection of the Darwinian theory of descent, but also to the negation of the post-Mendelian genetics. His criticism of the Darwinian principles is one of the most intensive and extensive assaults on the proper evolutionism. At the same time, his studies on individual and geographic variation of Palaearctic birds delivered valuable biological data, which seriously contributed to the empirical basis of biological systematics.
Professor of biology Eugene Potapov argues that despite Kleinschmidt's writings being obscure and rarely cited today, he nevertheless "outlined the modern genetic approach to the understanding of the systematics of large falcons."[Potapov, Eugene; Sale, Richard. (2005). ''The Gyrfalcon''. Poyser. p. 27. ]
Published works
* Kleinschmidt O. 1897. o title Journal für Ornithologie 45: 518–519.
* Kleinschmidt, O. (1900) ''Arten oder Formenkreise?'' Journal für Ornithologie 48:134–139
* Kleinschmidt, O. 1921
''Die Singvögel der Heimat''
Verlag von Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig.
* Kleinschmidt O. 1926. ''Der weitere Ausbau der Formenkreislehre''. Journal für Ornithologie 74: 405–408.
* Kleinschmidt O. 1930. ''The Formenkreis Theory and the Progress of the Organic World: A Re-Casting of the Theory of Descent and Race-Study to Prepare the Way for a Harmonious Conception of the Universal Reality''. London, H.F. & G. Witherby. (translated by Francis Charles Robert Jourdain
The Reverend Francis Charles Robert Jourdain M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. (4 March 1865 – 27 February 1940), was a notable British amateur ornithologist and oologist. He was primarily known for his extensive research into the breeding biology of ...
)
* Kleinschmidt O. 1933 ''Kurzgefaßte deutsche Rassenkunde''. Armanen-Verlag, Leipzig.
* Kleinschmidt O. 1933. ''Blut und Rasse''. Die Stellung des evangelischen Christen zu den Forderungen der Eugenik. Unter Zugrundelegung eines am 18. April 1933 auf der zweiten Konferenz evangelischer Akademiker in Hannover gehaltenen Vortrags. Verlag Martin Warneck, Berlin.
* Kleinschmidt O. 1934–2000. ''Die Raubvögel der Heimat''. Klassiker der Ornithologie. Aula-Verlag GmbH & Co. Wiebelshei
Die Raubvögel der Heimat – Predator Birds of the Homeland
* Kleinschmidt O. 1949. ''Die Kolibris''.
* Kleinschmidt O. 1950. ''Der Zauber von Brehms Tierleben''. (Neue Brehm-Bücherei) Geest&Portig. Lpzg. A.Ziemsen Vlg. Wittenberg/Lutherstadt.
* Kleinschmidt A. 1950. ''Leben und Werk. Syllegomena Biologica''. Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstage von Herrn Pastor Dr. Med. H.C. O. Kleinschmidt, Lutherstadt Wittenberg am 13. Dezember 1950 eds, A. von Jordans & F. Peus pp. 1–31. Leipzig: Wittenberg.
See also
* Albert Fleischmann
References
Other sources
* Clancey PA. 1950. Some appreciative remarks on the work of Dr Otto Kleinschmidt by a British avian taxonomist. Syllegomena Biologica. Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstage von Herrn Pastor Dr. Med. H.C.O. Kleinschmidt, Lutherstadt Wittenberg am 13. Dezember 1950 eds, A. von Jordans & F. Peus, pp. 31–34. Leipzig: Wittenberg.
External links
*
Thesis (German) in PDF
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kleinschmidt, Otto
1870 births
1954 deaths
Christian creationists
German ornithologists
German theologians