Osumilite is a very rare potassium-sodium-iron-magnesium-aluminium
silicate mineral
Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups. They are the largest and most important class of minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of Earth's crust.
In mineralogy, silica (silicon dioxide, ) is usually consid ...
. Osumilite is part of the
milarite
Milarite is a rare beryl. It is a member of the osumilite group. Crystals of this mineral typically come in green or yellow. The mineral gets name after Val Milar.
Occurrence
The mineral can be found be found in countries like Switzerland, Bra ...
group (also known as the milarite-osumilite group) of
cyclosilicate
Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups. They are the largest and most important class of minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of Earth's crust.
In mineralogy, silica (silicon dioxide, ) is usually consid ...
s.
Characteristics
Osumilite chemical formula is .
[Don S. Goldman, George R. Rossman (1978): ''The site distribution of iron and anomalous biaxiality in osumilite'', In: ''American Mineralogist'', 63, S. 490-498]
(PDF, 961 kB)
[E. Olsen, T. E. Bunch (1970): ''Compositions Of Natural Osumilites'', In: ''The American Mineralogiste'', 55, S. 875 - 879]
(PDF, 328 kB)
It is translucent and the typical coloring is either blue, black, brown, or gray. It displays no
cleavage and has a
vitreous luster. Osumilite has a hardness between 5-6 on the
Mohs hardness scale
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness () is a qualitative ordinal scale, from 1 to 10, characterizing scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material.
The scale was introduced in 1812 by th ...
.
The
hexagonal
In geometry, a hexagon (from Greek , , meaning "six", and , , meaning "corner, angle") is a six-sided polygon. The total of the internal angles of any simple (non-self-intersecting) hexagon is 720°.
Regular hexagon
A '' regular hexagon'' has ...
crystal structure
In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystal, crystalline material. Ordered structures occur from the intrinsic nature of the constituent particles to form symmetric pat ...
of osumilite is an unusual molecular make-up. The primary unit is a double ring, with a formula of . Normal cyclosilicate have rings composed of six silicate
tetrahedron
In geometry, a tetrahedron (plural: tetrahedra or tetrahedrons), also known as a triangular pyramid, is a polyhedron composed of four triangular faces, six straight edges, and four vertex corners. The tetrahedron is the simplest of all the o ...
s; . In a double ring structure, two normal rings are linked by sharing six oxygens, one from each tetrahedron in each six membered ring.
[http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/osumilit/osumilit.htm ''Mineral Galleries'']
Occurrence
Osumilite, was first discovered as grains in
volcanic rocks
Volcanic rock (often shortened to volcanics in scientific contexts) is a Rock (geology), rock formed from lava erupted from a volcano. In other words, it differs from other igneous rock by being of Volcano, volcanic origin. Like all rock types, ...
near Osumi,
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
. It was confused with a similar mineral
cordierite
Cordierite (mineralogy) or iolite (gemology) is a magnesium iron aluminium cyclosilicate. Iron is almost always present and a solid solution exists between Mg-rich cordierite and Fe-rich sekaninaite with a series formula: to . A high-temperat ...
because of their similar coloring. It can be found in high-grade
metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock to new types of rock in a process called metamorphism. The original rock (protolith) is subjected to temperatures greater than and, often, elevated pressure of or more, causin ...
,
xenoliths
A xenolith ("foreign rock") is a rock fragment (country rock) that becomes enveloped in a larger rock during the latter's development and solidification. In geology, the term ''xenolith'' is almost exclusively used to describe inclusions in ign ...
and in the
groundmass
The matrix or groundmass of a rock is the finer-grained mass of material in which larger grains, crystals, or clasts are embedded.
The matrix of an igneous rock consists of finer-grained, often microscopic, crystals in which larger crystals, ...
of
rhyolite
Rhyolite ( ) is the most silica-rich of volcanic rocks. It is generally glassy or fine-grained (aphanitic) in texture, but may be porphyritic, containing larger mineral crystals (phenocrysts) in an otherwise fine-grained groundmass. The mineral ...
and
dacite
Dacite () is a volcanic rock formed by rapid solidification of lava that is high in silica and low in alkali metal oxides. It has a fine-grained (aphanitic) to porphyritic texture and is intermediate in composition between andesite and rhyolite. ...
.
[http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/osumilite.pdf ''Handbook of Mineralogy'']
Osumilite is found in the
Obsidian Cliffs,
Oregon
Oregon () is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of it ...
;
Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
,
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
; Kagoshima and Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan; and the
Eifel
The Eifel (; lb, Äifel, ) is a low mountain range in western Germany and eastern Belgium. It occupies parts of southwestern North Rhine-Westphalia, northwestern Rhineland-Palatinate and the southern area of the German-speaking Community of ...
district in
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
.
Osumilite pseudomorphs are known from a number of ultrahigh-temperature rocks, including those of southern Madagascar.
See also
*
List of minerals
This is a list of minerals for which there are articles on Wikipedia.
Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various ''species''. Within a m ...
References
{{reflist
Magnesium minerals
Iron minerals
Potassium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Cyclosilicates
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 192