''Osornophryne sumacoensis'' is a species of

toad Toad is a common name for certain frogs, especially of the family Bufonidae, that are characterized by dry, leathery skin, short legs, and large bumps covering the parotoid glands. A distinction between frogs and toads is not made in scient ...

in the family

Bufonidae {{Cat main, Toad This category contains both species commonly called toads, and the true toads from the family Bufonidae {{Cat main, Toad This category Category, plural categories, may refer to: Philosophy and general uses *Categorization, cat ...

. It is

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...

to the

Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...

and only found in the forests surrounding a small crater lake on the eastern slopes of Sumaco, a volcano in the

Napo Province Napo () is a province in Ecuador. Its capital is Tena. The province contains the Napo River. The province is low developed without much industrial presence. The thick rainforest is home to many natives that remain isolated by preference, descenda ...

Description

''Osornophryne sumacoensis'' females measure about in snout–vent length (mean of three individuals). Skin has many tubercles. The back and limbs are blueish-black, but the belly is blue with black spots. Head is small. ''Osornophryne sumacoensis'' can be active both day and night. It is a terrestrial species. During the daytime specimens have been found under leaf-litter.

Reproduction

''Osornophryne sumacoensis'' has

direct development Marine larval ecology is the study of the factors influencing dispersing larvae, which many marine invertebrates and fishes have. Marine animals with a larva typically release many larvae into the water column, where the larvae develop before met ...

. Eggs are laid on soil under vegetation.

Habitat and conservation

''Osornophryne sumacoensis'' inhabits the cloud forest surrounding the lake, at asl. The forest is dominated by bamboo ('' Chusquea'' sp.), ''

Ficus ''Ficus'' ( or ) is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extendi ...

'', and other trees up to tall. The species lives within the Sumaco Napo-Galeras National Park. Volcanic eruption is a threat to this species restricted to a single location.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1942358 sumacoensis Amphibians of Ecuador Endemic fauna of Ecuador Amphibians described in 1995 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot