Osmylidae

Osmylidae are a small family of winged insects of the net-winged insect order Neuroptera. The osmylids, also called lance lacewings, stream lacewings or giant lacewings, are found all over the world. There are around 225 extant species.

Description and ecology

Adult osmylids are small to moderately-sized net-winged insects, with wingspans ranging from 1.4 to 3 cm. Smaller members resemble typical green lacewings, and larger species resemble antlions. Many species, namely those of the type genus '' Osmylus'', have spotted wings. The thin antennae are short. They have two compound eyes, as well as three ocelli in between. Adult osmylids, like green lacewings (some of which are colloquially known as "stinkflies"), have prothoracal glands which produce foul-smelling compounds used to deter would-be predators.

Their larvae are superficially similar to those of spongillaflies (Sisyridae). They have peculiar mouthparts which look like a thin forceps with the ends bending outwards. The body is elongated and slender and terminates in two extensible graspers bearing tiny hooks; these are used to aid in locomotion and to grasp prey. The larvae are associated with damp, mossy habitats and are amphibious. They hunt small invertebrate prey, from which they suck the body fluids with their mouthparts.

The adults are diurnal or crepuscular weak-flying insects which mostly prey on small invertebrates, supplemented with some pollen. Eggs are deposited in damp places, usually near freshwater.

OsmylusWing.jpg, Wing of '' Osmylus fulvicephalus''
OsmylusLarva.jpg, Larva of '' Osmylus fulvicephalus''

Systematics and taxonomy

Osmylids are generally placed with the extant families Sisyridae (spongillaflies) and Nevrorthidae within the clade Osmyloidea, which is the second earliest diverging clade of Neuroptera after Coniopterygidae (dustywings). The group also contains Archeosmylidae from the Permian-Triassic and Saucrosmylidae from the Middle Jurassic, both of which are thought to be closely related to Osmylidae. The earliest records of Osmylidae date to the Early Jurassic, some of which are already assignable to extant subfamilies, and were diverse during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. At least 278 species have been described in 25 extant and 38 extinct genera.

Taxonomy largely after Winterton ''et al.'', 2019

Subfamiles and genera

* Subfamily Eidoporisminae
** '' Eidoporismus'' - Australia
** †'' Stenosmylina'' - Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian)
* Subfamily Gumillinae
** '' Gumilla'' - Brazil
** †'' Allotriosmylus'' - Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
** †'' Enodinympha'' - Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
** †'' Epiosmylus'' - Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Itat Formation, Russia, Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Middle/Late Jurassic
** †'' Kolbasinella'' - Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Middle/Late Jurassic
** †'' Nilionympha'' - Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
** †'' Nuddsia'' - Crato Formation, Brazil, Early Cretaceous ( Aptian) (=''Burmaleon'' Myskowiak et al, 2016 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous ( Cenomanian))
** †'' Osmylochrysa'' - Purbeck Group, England, Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)
** †'' Tenuosmylus'' Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
* Subfamily Kempyninae
** '' Australysmus'' - Australia
** '' Euosmylus'' - New Zealand
** '' Kempynus'' Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile
** †'' Arbusella'' - Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Middle/Late Jurassic
** †'' Cretosmylus'' - Zaza Formation, Russia, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
** †'' Euporismites'' Redbank Plains Formation, Australia, Eocene (Ypresian)
** †'' Jurakempynus'' Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Middle/Late Jurassic, Shar-Teeg, Mongolia, Late Jurassic ( Tithonian)
** †'' Kempynosmylus'' Zaza Formation, Russia, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
** †'' Ponomarenkius'' - Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
** †'' Sauktangida'' - Kyrgyzstan, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
** †'' Mirokempynus'' Ma et al. 2020 Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
* †Subfamily Mesosmylininae
** †'' Mesosmylina'' Posidonia Shale, Green Series, Germany, Sagul Formation, Kyrgyzstan Early Jurassic (Toarcian) Zhargalant Formation, Mongolia, Itat Formation, Russia, Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Ukurei Formation, Russia, Late Jurassic (Tithonian)
** †'' Sogjuta'' Dzhil Formation, Kyrgyzstan, Early Jurassic ( Hettangian), Shar-Teeg, Mongolia, Late Jurassic (Tithonian)
* Subfamily Osmylinae
** '' Grandosmylus'' - Afghanistan, Tajikistan
** '' Lahulus'' - India
** '' Osmylus'' - Eurasia
** '' Parosmylus'' Needham, 1909 - Central through South Asia
** '' Sinosmylus'' - China
** †'' Lithosmylus'' - Florissant Formation, Colorado, United States, Eocene ( Priabonian)
** †'' Vetosmylus'' - Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
* Subfamily Protosmylinae
** '' Gryposmylus'' - Central to Southeast Asia
** '' Heterosmylus'' Central to South Asia
** '' Lysmus'' - Indonesia, China, Japan, Russia
** '' Paryphosmylus'' - Ecuador
** †'' Juraheterosmylus'' - Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
** †'' Jurosmylus'' - Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Middle/Late Jurassic
** †'' Mesosmylidus'' - Purbeck Group, England, Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)
** †'' Osmylidia'' - Florissant Formation, Colorado, United States, Eocene (Priabonian)
** †'' Petrushevskia'' - Dzhil Formation, Kyrgyzstan, Early Jurassic (Hettangian)
** †'' Protosmylina'' - Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Barremian)
** †'' Protosmylus'' - Baltic amber, Baltic Coast, Europe, Eocene
** †'' Pseudosmylidia'' Florissant Formation, Colorado, United States, Eocene (Priabonian)
* Subfamily Stenosmylinae
** '' Carinosmylus'' - Australia
** '' Euporismus'' - Australia
** '' Isostenosmylus'' - Northern South America
** '' Oedosmylus'' - Australia
** '' Phymatosmylus'' - Argentina, Chile
** '' Stenolysmus'' - Australia
** '' Stenosmylus'' - Australia
* Subfamily Porisminae
** '' Porismus'' - Australia
* Subfamily Spilosmylinae
** '' Spilosmylus'' - Africa, South though Southeast Asia, New Guinea
** '' Thaumatosmylus'' - Indonesia, Malaysia, China
** '' Thyridosmylus'' Madagascar, China, India
** †'' Ensiosmylus'' Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Middle/Late Jurassic
** †'' Imanosmylus'' Siyanovskaya Formation, Russia, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)
* Subfamily ''Incertae sedis''
** †'' Archaeosmylidia'' - Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
** †'' Dimidiosmylus'' - Shar-Teeg, Mongolia, Late Jurassic ( Tithonian)
** †'' Erlikosmylus'' - Sagul Formation, Kyrgyzstan, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
** †'' Karaosmylus'' Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Middle/Late Jurassic
** †'' Kubekius'' - Itat Formation, Russia, Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)
** †'' Osmylopsis'' - Purbeck Group, England, Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)
** †'' Palaeothyridosmylus'' Daohugou Bed, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
** †'' Pronymphites'' - Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Middle/Late Jurassic
** †'' Scapoptera'' - Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Middle/Late Jurassic
** †'' Stenochrysa'' - Purbeck Group, England, Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)
** †'' Tengriosmylus'' - Sagul Formation, Kyrgyzstan, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
** †'' Tetanoptilon'' - Posidonia Shale, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)

Notes

References

External links

*''This article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the German-language Wikipedia.''

{{Taxonbar, from=Q798177

Neuroptera
Neuroptera families