Oslac Of York

Oslac ealdorman (or earl) of York from around 963 to 975. His territory included but may not have been limited to the southern half of Northumbria. His background is obscure because of poor source documentation. The latter has facilitated disagreement amongst historians regarding his family and ethnicity.

He may have been the first ealdorman of southern—as opposed to a united—Northumbria, though an alternative tradition puts the division of Northumbria into two ealdormanries after his death. Little is known of his career as ealdorman, except for a legend that he escorted the Scottish king Kenneth II to the English royal court, and that he was expelled from England in 975. His life is unattested after this. He had one known son, but it is not clear if that son ever succeeded him.

Origins

Oslac's origins are unclear and no specific relationship with any previous known figure can be established from available sources. Oslac's name suggests to some historians that he was a Norseman. Dorothy Whitelock points out that the name '' Oslac'' is often an anglicisation of the Old Scandinavian name ''Áslákr'', while the writers of the ''Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain'' entry on Oslac comment that the name suggests an origin in the Danelaw, a suggestion supported by the fact that Thored, Oslac's son, held lands in Cambridgeshire.

On the other hand ''Oslac'' is also a genuine English name, and the common ''Os'' element Oslac's name shared with the name of Osulf of Bamburgh, previous ealdorman of York, points to a connection with the Bamburgh family of the English far north.

Accession

Oslac attested three charters as earl in 963, all relating to the northern Danelaw. He may have acceded on the death or deposition of his predecessor Osulf. Some of these charters are problematic as source documents, having been recorded only in later cartularlies; there is thus a possibility of interference in their transmission. Moreover, a charter dated 966 of a grant by ''dux'' Thored is witnessed by Oslac ''minister'' (i.e. "thegn"), suggesting that Oslac had not acceded to the ealdormanship of York before 966. Some historians think that Oslac became the "senior ealdorman of all Northumbria, including the territory of the high-reeves of Bamburgh."

Division of Northumbria

'' De primo Saxonum adventu'', an 11th- or 12th-century compilation from earlier sources, claims that after the death of Osulf Northumbria was divided into two parts: Eadulf Evil-child receiving the lands between the Firth of Forth and the River Tees and Oslac receiving the lands between the Humber Estuary and the Tees.

According to John of Wallingford, King Edgar made this division during a council at York, in order to prevent the whole area becoming the inheritance of one man. The '' Historia Regum'' claims that such a division took place not in Oslac's time but Osulf's, and that the division line was the River Tyne rather than Tees; historian Dorothy Whitelock considered this to be apocryphal.

Career

Oslac frequently attested charters of King Edgar the Peaceable, indicating that Oslac enjoyed some position of trust at court.

''De primo Saxonum adventu'' claims that Oslac, along with Eadulf of Bamburgh and Ælfsige Bishop of Chester-le-Street, escorted the Scottish king Kenneth II to the Wessex-based Edgar:

The two earls slac and Eadwulfalong with Ælfsige, who was bishop of St Cuthbert 68—90 conducted Cinaed to king Edgar. And when he had done homage to him, king Edgar gave him Lothian; and with great honour sent him back to his own.

This must have occurred — if it happened at all — between 968 and 975, i.e. between Ælfsige becoming bishop and Edgar dying.Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', p. 211 Richard Fletcher dated it to 973.

The historian Geoffrey Barrow believed this to mark the beginning of Scottish control over all the lands between the River Tweed and Firth of Forth (defining "Lothian" in this manner), though another historian, Alex Woolf, has suggested that the part about Lothian may have been fabricated later to give credence to the claim that the Scottish kings owed homage for lands in Lothian.

Downfall and legacy

In 975, not long after the death of King Edgar, Oslac was banished from England. No reason is given by the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'''s report of his expulsion. Version C of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' describes the events thus:

The valiant Oslac was driven from the country, over the tossing waves, the gannet's bath, the tumult of the waters, the homeland of the whale; a grey-haired man, wise and skilled in speech, he was bereft of his lands

The historian Richard Fletcher guesses that Oslac's downfall may have been the result of opposing the succession of Edward the Martyr.

Oslac is said by the '' Historia Eliensis'' to have had a son named ''Thorth'', that is, Thored. His successor was indeed a man named Thored, but it is not clear whether this was Thored Oslac's son or Thored son of Gunner; historians tend to favour the idea that Thored the successor was son of Gunner.

The ''Gesta Herwardi'' tells us that his great-great granddaughter, Aedeva (Edith), was Hereward's mother.''Gesta Herwardi'' Chapter 2
"... ''et mater Aediva trinepta Oslaci ducis'' ..."

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Oslac Of York
Earls and ealdormen of York
10th-century rulers in Europe
Year of birth unknown
10th-century births
Year of death missing