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The Order of the Gallic Francisque () is an order and medal which was awarded by the
The Order of the Gallic Francisque () is an order and medal which was awarded by the Vichy Regime
Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its terr ...
, the Nazi-aligned government of France during World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
.
The order was created by the ''arrêtés'' of 26 May 1941, the law of 16 May 1941 and the decrees of 14 March 1942 and 31 July 1942.
The Francisque was the personal symbol of Philippe Pétain, Marshal of France and Head of State.
Although the personal symbol of Philippe Pétain
Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), commonly known as Philippe Pétain (, ) or Marshal Pétain (french: Maréchal Pétain), was a French general who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World ...
, the francisque was gradually used on official documents as the coat of arms of the Vichy regime.
Description
Although called francisque, the medal and generally speaking the symbol used on official document is alabrys
''Labrys'' ( gr, , lábrus) is, according to Plutarch (''Quaestiones Graecae'' 2.302a), the Lydian word for the double-bitted axe. In Greek it was called (''pélekus''). The Ancient Greek plural of ''labrys'' is ''labryes'' ().
Etymology
P ...
.
Notable holders
At least, 2626 persons received the order of the Francisque.L'ordre de la Francisque (Paris, Publications H.C, 1995, 64 pages) The official number remains unknown as the archives listing all the holders burnt at the end of the Second World War. The holders include: * The widow of the généralCharles Huntziger
Charles Huntziger (; 25 June 1880 – 11 November 1941) was a French Army general during World War I and World War II.
He was born at Lesneven (Finistère), in Brittany of a family which settled in the region, after the Prussian invasion of Alsace ...
was the first to receive the order of the francisque;
* The Lumière brothers
Lumière is French for 'light'.
Lumiere, Lumière or Lumieres may refer to:
*Lumières, the philosophical movement in the Age of Enlightenment People
*Auguste and Louis Lumière, French pioneers in film-making Film and TV
* Institut Lumière, a ...
in 1941;
* Raymond Marcellin
Raymond Marcellin (19 August 1914 in Sézanne, Marne – 8 September 2004) was a French politician.
Biography
The son of a banker, he studied law at the University of Strasbourg and the University of Paris. He worked as a lawyer for three ye ...
;
* François Mitterrand
François Marie Adrien Maurice Mitterrand (26 October 19168 January 1996) was President of France, serving under that position from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office in the history of France. As First Secretary of the Socialist Party, he ...
(1943), later French president, recipient number 2202;
* Raoul Salan
Raoul Albin Louis Salan (; 10 June 1899 – 3 July 1984) was a French Army general. He served as the fourth French commanding general during the First Indochina War. He was one of four retired generals who organized the 1961 Algiers Putsch op ...
;
* Marc Boegner
Marc Boegner, commonly known as ''pasteur'' Boegner (; 21 February 1881 – 18 December 1970), was a theologian, pastor, essayist, notable member of the French Resistance and a notable voice in the ecumenical movement.
Biography
Marc Boegner w ...
, reverend of the French Protestant Church and president of the Protestant Federation of France;
* Paul Dungler;
* Charles Vanel
Charles-Marie Vanel (21 August 1892 – 15 April 1989) was a French actor and director. During his 76-year film career, which began in 1912, he appeared in more than 200 films and worked with many prominent directors, including Alfred Hitchcock, ...
, actor;
* Pierre Fresnay
Pierre Fresnay (4 April 1897 – 9 January 1975) was a French stage and film actor.
Biography
Born Pierre Jules Louis Laudenbach, he was encouraged by his uncle, actor Claude Garry, to pursue a career in theater and film. He joined the company a ...
, actor;
* , father of the former French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Valéry René Marie Georges Giscard d'Estaing (, , ; 2 February 19262 December 2020), also known as Giscard or VGE, was a French politician who served as President of France from 1974 to 1981.
After serving as Minister of Finance under prime ...
;
* Jacques Ploncard d'Assac
Jacques Ploncard (13 March 1910 – 20 February 2005), also called "Jacques Ploncard d'Assac", was a French writer and journalist and a political activist – he was, among other things, a member of the Parti Populaire Français. Following the fa ...
, journalist and writer;
* Charles Maurras
Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (; ; 20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic. He was an organizer and principal philosopher of ''Action Française'', a political movement that is monarchist, anti-parl ...
, journalist and writer;
* Henry Coston
Henry Coston (Paris, 20 December 1910 – Caen, Normandy, 26 July 2001) was a French far-right, anti-Semitic journalist, collaborationist and conspiracy theorist.
Biography
After joining the Action française, Coston was influenced by journali ...
, journalist and writer;
* Maxime Real del Sarte
Maxime Real del Sarte (1888-1954) was a French sculptor and political activist.
Biography
Early life
Maxime Real del Sarte was born on 2 May 1888 in Paris, France, as the son of the sculptor Louis Desire Real and Marie Magdeleine Real del Sar ...
, sculptor;
* Antoine Pinay
Antoine Pinay (; 30 December 1891 – 13 December 1994) was a French conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 1952 to 1953.
Life
Antoine Pinay was born on 30 December 1891 in Saint-Symphorien-sur-Coise. He was a child ...
, French politician;
* Henri Pourrat
The French writer and folklore collector Henri Pourrat was born in 1887 in Ambert, a town in the mountainous Auvergne region of central France. He died near Ambert in 1959.
Biography
Born to an Ambert shop-owner, Pourrat finished secondary school ...
, actor;
* Xavier Vallat
Xavier Vallat (December 23, 1891 – January 6, 1972), French politician and antisemite who was Commissioner-General for Jewish Questions in the wartime Vichy collaborationist government, and was sentenced after World War II to ten years in pr ...
, French politician;
* Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour
Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour (12 October 1907 – 29 September 1989) was a French lawyer and far-right politician. Elected to the National Assembly in 1936, he initially collaborated with the Vichy regime before leaving for Tunisia in 1941. After ...
, French politician;
* Pierre Dunoyer de Segonzac Pierre Dunoyer de Segonzac (10 March 1906, Toulon – 13 March 1968) was a French Resistance and Brigade General.
Biography
Pierre Dominique Dunoyer de Segonzac was born on March 10, 1908, in Toulon. He is the son of Charles Dunoyer de Segonzac, ...
, founder of the École des cadres d'Uriage
École may refer to:
* an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée)
* École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing in région Île-de-France
* École, Sav ...
;
* Paul Morand
Paul Morand (13 March 1888 – 24 July 1976) was a French author whose short stories and novellas were lauded for their style, wit and descriptive power. His most productive literary period was the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s. He was mu ...
, writer;
* Louis II, Prince of Monaco
Louis II (Louis Honoré Charles Antoine Grimaldi; 12 July 1870 – 9 May 1949) was Prince of Monaco from 26 June 1922 to 9 May 1949.
Early years
Born in Baden-Baden, (Germany), he was the only child of Albert I, Prince of Monaco (1848–1922), a ...
;
* René de Chambrun
René Aldebert Pineton de Chambrun (23 August 1906 – 19 May 2002) was a French-American aristocrat, lawyer, businessman and author. He practised law at the Court of Appeals of Paris and the New York State Bar Association. He was the author of s ...
, lawyer, and son-in-law of Pierre Laval
Pierre Jean Marie Laval (; 28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician. During the Third Republic, he served as Prime Minister of France from 27 January 1931 to 20 February 1932 and 7 June 1935 to 24 January 1936. He again occu ...
;
* Maurice Couve de Murville
Jacques-Maurice Couve de Murville (; 24 January 1907 – 24 December 1999) was a French diplomat and politician who was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1958 to 1968 and Prime Minister from 1968 to 1969 under the presidency of General de Gaull ...
, French politician and former Prime Minister;
* , member of the French resistance, affiliated to the resistance network of François Mitterrand
François Marie Adrien Maurice Mitterrand (26 October 19168 January 1996) was President of France, serving under that position from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office in the history of France. As First Secretary of the Socialist Party, he ...
, father of Hubert Védrine
Hubert Védrine (; born 31 July 1947) is a French Socialist politician. He is an advisor at Moelis & Company.
Early life and career
Following a history degree and graduating from both Sciences Po and ENA, Védrine had toyed with the idea of e ...
, former French minister of foreign affairs;
References
{{Authority control Civil awards and decorations of France French collaboration during World War II Vichy France