The Order of St Alexander ( bg, Орден "Свети Александър") was the second highest Bulgarian order during the

Kingdom of Bulgaria The Tsardom of Bulgaria ( bg, Царство България, translit=Tsarstvo Balgariya), also referred to as the Third Bulgarian Tsardom ( bg, Трето Българско Царство, translit=Treto Balgarsko Tsarstvo, links=no), someti ...

. It was established by Knyaz

Alexander I Alexander I may refer to: * Alexander I of Macedon, king of Macedon 495–454 BC * Alexander I of Epirus (370–331 BC), king of Epirus * Pope Alexander I (died 115), early bishop of Rome * Pope Alexander I of Alexandria (died 320s), patriarch of ...

and named after his patron saint (

Alexander Nevsky Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (russian: Александр Ярославич Невский; ; 13 May 1221 – 14 November 1263) served as Prince of Novgorod (1236–40, 1241–56 and 1258–1259), Grand Prince of Kiev (1236–52) and Grand P ...

History

The order was established with a decree on 25 December 1881, in honour of the patron saint of

Alexander Battenberg Alexander Joseph ( bg, Александър I Батенберг; 5 April 185717 November 1893), known as Alexander of Battenberg, was the first prince ('' knyaz'') of the Principality of Bulgaria from 1879 until his abdication in 1886. The Bul ...

. Initially it was planned to have five grades and a Necklace but subsequently four grades and Grand and Lesser Necklace were formed and in 1908 a Grand Cross was added. With time wartime grades with swords in the middle and above the cross were added. The order was awarded to Bulgarian and foreign citizens with the personal benevolence of the

Bulgarian monarch The monarchs of Bulgaria ruled the country during three periods of Bulgaria's history as an independent country: from the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire in 681 to the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria in 1018; from the Uprising of Asen ...

, who was the Grand Master.

Description

The order had a white enamelled

cross pattée A cross pattée, cross patty or cross paty, also known as a cross formy or cross formée (french: croix pattée, german: Tatzenkreuz), is a type of Christian cross with arms that are narrow at the centre, and often flared in a curve or straight ...

with golden or silver edges according to the grade. On the pendant of the obverse there was a stylized inscription with the name of the order and on the surrounding ring there was the motto СЪ НАМИ БОГЪ (God with us) with

laurel wreath A laurel wreath is a round wreath made of connected branches and leaves of the bay laurel (), an aromatic broadleaf evergreen, or later from spineless butcher's broom (''Ruscus hypoglossum'') or cherry laurel (''Prunus laurocerasus''). It is a sy ...

s below. On the reverse there was a white background with inscription 19 ФЕВРАЛЪ 1878 (19 February 1878) - the date of the signing of the

Treaty of San Stefano The 1878 Treaty of San Stefano (russian: Сан-Стефанский мир; Peace of San-Stefano, ; Peace treaty of San-Stefano, or ) was a treaty between the Russian and Ottoman empires at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-18 ...

. Atop the cross was a royal crown. The first grade was worn with a crimson moire ribbon over the right shoulder with a rosette in the edge. It had its own eight-ray silver star with the obverse of the order placed in the middle. The Grand necklace consisted of thirty interconnected medallions with crowned lions, alternated with the monogram of the founder Knyaz Alexander I and eight edges

Orthodox cross The Russian Orthodox Cross (or just the Orthodox Cross by some Russian Orthodox traditions) is a variation of the Christian cross since the 16th century in Russia, although it bears some similarity to a cross with a bottom crossbeam slanted the ...

. There was a special issue with two field marshal's batons which belonged to

Tsar Tsar ( or ), also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar'', is a title used by East Slavs, East and South Slavs, South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word ''Caesar (title), caesar'', which was intended to mean "emperor" i ...

Ferdinand Ferdinand is a Germanic name composed of the elements "protection", "peace" (PIE "to love, to make peace") or alternatively "journey, travel", Proto-Germanic , abstract noun from root "to fare, travel" (PIE , "to lead, pass over"), and "co ...

. The Lesser Necklace was similar to the Grand Necklace but in smaller size. The Grand Cross, established in 1908, was also similar to the initial issue but the cross was enamelled in green and in the middle of the pendant was placed a crowned Bulgarian lion. The star was of similar design with green ring around the crowned lion on red background. The other grades are like the first issue but smaller in size. The sixth grade was made in silver without enamel over the shoulders of the cross. The Ottoman sultans

Abdul Hamid II Abdülhamid or Abdul Hamid II ( ota, عبد الحميد ثانی, Abd ül-Hamid-i Sani; tr, II. Abdülhamid; 21 September 1842 10 February 1918) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 31 August 1876 to 27 April 1909, and the last sultan to ...

and

Mehmed V Mehmed V Reşâd ( ota, محمد خامس, Meḥmed-i ḫâmis; tr, V. Mehmed or ; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) reigned as the 35th and penultimate Ottoman Sultan (). He was the son of Sultan Abdulmejid I. He succeeded his half-brother ...

were respectively awarded the Grand and Lesser Necklace of the Order of St Alexander with diamonds. They are currently kept in the collection of the

Topkapı Palace The Topkapı Palace ( tr, Topkapı Sarayı; ota, طوپقپو سرايى, ṭopḳapu sarāyı, lit=cannon gate palace), or the Seraglio A seraglio, serail, seray or saray (from fa, سرای, sarāy, palace, via Turkish and Italian) i ...

Istanbul Istanbul ( , ; tr, İstanbul ), formerly known as Constantinople ( grc-gre, Κωνσταντινούπολις; la, Constantinopolis), is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, ...

Grades

*Great Cross of the Order of St Alexander, Grand and Lesser Necklace *I grade, Grand Cross. Awarded to senior state officers and military personnel. It was worn with a scarf over the shoulder. *II grade, Grand Officer Cross. The cross was with white enamel, it was worn with red ribbon and had a star. *III grade, Commander Cross. The cross was with white or green enamel (according to the emission), it was worn with red ribbon and had no star. *IV grade, Officer Cross. The cross was with white enamel, it was worn on the chest with triangle red ribbon with rosette, it had no star. *V grade, Officer Cross. The cross was with white enamel, it was worn on the chest with triangle red ribbon, it had no star. *VI grade, Silver Cross. The cross was made of silver with no enamel, it was worn on the chest with triangle red ribbon, it had no star.

Notable recipients

;I grade, Grand Cross *

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Erich Raeder Erich Johann Albert Raeder (24 April 1876 – 6 November 1960) was a German admiral who played a major role in the naval history of World War II. Raeder attained the highest possible naval rank, that of grand admiral, in 1939, becoming the fir ...

Prince Rudolf of Liechtenstein Prince Rudolf of Liechtenstein (18 April 1838 – 15 December 1908) was an Austrian aristocrat, a general in the Common Army and one of the highest officials in the court of Emperor Franz Joseph I. Biography Rudolf was the youngest child and ...

Mihail Savov Mihail Georgiev Savov ( bg, Михаил Савов) (14 November 1857 in Stara Zagora - 21 July 1928 in Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey, France) was a Bulgarian general, twice Minister of Defence (1891–1894 and 1903–1907), second in command of the Bul ...

Margarita Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Margarita Gómez-Acebo y Cejuela (born 6 January 1935) is the wife of Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria, whom she married after he went into exile. As such, she is also sometimes styled Tsaritsa Margarita; in this context, she may be styled as Princess ...

Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (''Сергей Александрович''; 11 May 1857 – 17 February 1905) was the fifth son and seventh child of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. He was an influential figure during the reigns of h ...

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia (russian: Серге́й Миха́йлович; 7 October 1869 – 18 July 1918) was the fifth son and sixth child of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaievich of Russia and a first cousin of Alexander III of ...

* Duke Siegfried August in Bavaria *

Zahari Stoyanov Zahariy Stoyanov ( bg, Захарий Стоянов; archaic: ) (1850 – 2 September 1889), born Dzhendo Stoyanov Dzhedev ( bg, Джендо Стоянов Джедев), was a Bulgarian revolutionary, writer, and historian. A participant ...

Alfred von Tirpitz Alfred Peter Friedrich von Tirpitz (19 March 1849 – 6 March 1930) was a German grand admiral, Secretary of State of the German Imperial Naval Office, the powerful administrative branch of the German Imperial Navy from 1897 until 1916. Prussi ...

Georgi Todorov (general) Georgi Stoyanov Todorov ( bg, Георги Тодоров) (born on 10 August 1858 in Bolgrad (contemporary Ukraine); died on 16 November 1934 in Sofia) was a Bulgarian general who fought in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Serbo-Bulgarian Wa ...

Stefan Toshev Stefan Toshev ( bg, Стефан Тошев) (18 December 1859 – 27 November 1924) was a Bulgarian general, from World War I. His mother was a teacher from the period of the National Revival. He volunteered in the Bulgarian Opalchentsi Cor ...

Stefan Tsanev Stefan Nedelchev Tsanev ( bg, Стефан Неделчев Цанев; born 7 August 1936) is a contemporary Bulgarian writer, known for his essays, Play (theatre), plays, poems, and historical novels. His books include ''Ubiytsite sa mezhdu nas ...

Umberto II of Italy en, Albert Nicholas Thomas John Maria of Savoy , house = Savoy , father = Victor Emmanuel III of Italy , mother = Princess Elena of Montenegro , birth_date = , birth_place = Racconigi, Piedmont, Kingdom of Italy , dea ...

Prince Valdemar of Denmark Prince Valdemar of Denmark (27 October 1858 – 14 January 1939) was a member of the Danish royal family. He was the third son and youngest child of Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel. He had a lifelong naval career. Early l ...

Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov Count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov (russian: Илларио́н Ива́нович Воронцов-Дашков; 27 May 1837 – 15 January 1916) was a notable representative of the Vorontsov family. He served as Minister of Imperial Pro ...

Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1889–1945) Prince Waldemar William Louis Frederick Victor of Prussia (german: Waldemar Wilhelm Ludwig Friedrich Viktor Heinrich; 20 March 1889 at Kiel – 2 May 1945 at Tutzing, Bavaria) was the eldest son of Prince Henry of Prussia and his wife, Princess I ...

Wilhelm II, German Emperor Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (german: Kaiser) and King of Prussia, reigning from 15 June 1888 until his abdication on 9 November 1918. Despite strengthening the German Empir ...

Wilhelm, German Crown Prince Wilhelm, German Crown Prince, Crown Prince of Prussia (Friedrich Wilhelm Victor August Ernst; 6 May 1882 – 20 July 1951) was the eldest child of the last ''Kaiser ''Kaiser'' is the German word for "emperor" (female Kaiserin). In gen ...

William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Wilhelm Ernst Karl Alexander Friedrich Heinrich Bernhard Albert Georg Hermann, '' en, William Ernest Charles Alexander Frederick Henry Bernard Albert George Herman''; 10 June 1876 – 24 April 19 ...

William, Prince of Hohenzollern , title = , image = William, Prince of Hohenzollern.jpg , caption = , succession = Prince of Hohenzollern , reign=8 June 1905 – 22 October 1927, reign-type=Tenure, predecessor = Leopold , successor = Frederick , spouse ...

Sergei Witte Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte (; ), also known as Sergius Witte, was a Russian statesman who served as the first prime minister of the Russian Empire, replacing the tsar as head of the government. Neither a liberal nor a conservative, he attract ...

Nikola Zhekov Nikola Todorov Zhekov ( bg, Никола Тодоров Жеков; german: Nikola Todorow Schekow; 6 January 1865 – 1 November 1949) was the Minister of War of Bulgaria in 1915 and served as commander-in-chief from 1915 to 1918 during World Wa ...

Arthur Zimmermann Arthur Zimmermann (5 October 1864 – 6 June 1940) was State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire from 22 November 1916 until his resignation on 6 August 1917. His name is associated with the Zimmermann Telegram during World War ...

August zu Eulenburg August Ludwig Traugott Botho Graf zu Eulenburg (22 October 1838 – 16 June 1921) was an officer in the Prussian, and later German armies, and official in the Prussian royal court. He was the younger brother of Count Botho zu Eulenburg, who se ...

;II grade, Grand Officer Cross *

Kliment Boyadzhiev Kliment Boyadzhiev ( bg, Климент Бояджиев; 15 April 1861 – 15 July 1933) was a Bulgarian general during the Balkan Wars and First World War. Biography Born in Ohrid, he studied in an elementary school there. After the liberatio ...

Cevat Çobanlı Cevat Çobanlı (14 September 1870Mesut Aydın, ''Türkiye ve Irak Hudûdu Mes'elesi'', Avrasya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi Yayınları, 2001p. 53./ref> or 1871 – 13 March 1938) was a military commander of the Ottoman Army, War Minister ...

Ivan Fichev Ivan Fichev ( bg, Иван Фичев) (born on 15 April 1860 in Tarnovo, died on 13 November 1931 in Sofia) was a Bulgarian general, Minister of Defense, military historian and academician. Biography Ivan Fichev was born in 1860 in Tırnova (n ...

Julius Ringel Julius 'Papa' Ringel (16 November 1889 – 11 February 1967) was an Austrian general in the armed forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. He fought in the Western and Eastern fronts, as well as the Balkan Campaign.Williamson 2012. Ringel com ...

Ferdinand Schörner Ferdinand Schörner (12 June 1892 – 2 July 1973) was a German military commander who held the rank of ''Generalfeldmarschall'' in the ''Wehrmacht'' of Nazi Germany during World War II. He commanded several army groups and was the last Command ...

Konstantin Zhostov Konstantin Andonov Zhostov ( bg, Константин Андонов Жостов) (30 September 1867 – 30 August 1916) was a Bulgarian general and Chief of the Bulgarian Army Staff. Biography Konstantin Zhostov was born in the village o ...

;III grade, Commander Cross * Rolf Andvord *

Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen Wladimir Rudolf Karl Freiherr Giesl von Gieslingen (18 February 1860 – 20 April 1936) was an Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian general and diplomat during World War I, most famous for delivering the ultimatum to the Serbian government during the ...

Panteley Kiselov Panteley Kiselov ( bg, Пантелей Киселов) (23 October 1863 – 14 October 1927) was a Bulgarian soldier and general who fought in the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885, the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 and World War I. He is best kno ...

* Ivan Kolev (general) * Konstantin Lukash *

Hristo Lukov Hristo Nikolov Lukov ( bg, Христо Николов Луков; 6 January 1887 in Varna – 13 February 1943 in Sofia) was a Bulgarian lieutenant-general, politician, and Minister of War, who led the nationalistic Union of Bulgarian National ...

Aleksandar Protogerov Alexandar Protogerov (Bulgarian: Александър Протогеров) (28 February 1867, Ohrid – 7 July 1928, Sofia) was a Bulgarian general, politician and revolutionary, as well as a member of the revolutionary movement in Macedonia, T ...

Vladimir Sukhomlinov Vladimir Aleksandrovich Sukhomlinov ( rus, Владимир Александрович Сухомлинов, p=sʊxɐˈmlʲinəf; – 2 February 1926) was a Russian general of the Imperial Russian Army who served as the Chief of the General Staf ...

Ivan Valkov Ivan Valkov ( bg, Иван Вълков; 31 January 1875, in Kazanlak, Ottoman Empire – 20 April 1962, in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria) was a Bulgarian General of Infantry who fought in World War I and later held the post of Minister of War (1923– ...

;IV or V grade, Officer Cross * Petar Darvingov *

Heinrich Jacobi (archaeologist) Heinrich Christian Jacobi (2 July 1866 – 3 March 1946) was a German architect and archaeologist, specialising in the Roman Empire. He was born and died in Homburg vor der Höhe. Life The son of Louis Jacobi (another archaeologist of the Roman ...

* Stefan Nerezov *

Rudolf Toussaint Rudolf Toussaint (2 May 1891 – 1 July 1968) was a German Army officer. Toussaint saw action in both World Wars. During World War II he was appointed Commissioner of the German army in the office of the Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. Bi ...

Damyan Velchev Damyan Velchev or Velcev ( bg, Дамян Велчев) (4 March 1883, Gabrovo – 25 January 1954) was a Bulgarian politician and general. From 1925 to 1935 he was the leader of the Military League (1919–1947), an organization of Bulgarian off ...

Pencho Zlatev Pencho Ivanov Zlatev ( bg, Пенчо Иванов Златев, 2 November 1881 – 24 July 1948), also known as Petko Ivanov Zlatev ( bg, Петко Иванов Златев), was a Bulgarian general and politician in the years before the Secon ...

;VI grade, Silver Cross ;Unknown Grades *

Michail Arnaudov Michael may refer to: People * Michael (given name), a given name * Michael (surname), including a list of people with the surname Michael Given name "Michael" * Michael (archangel), ''first'' of God's archangels in the Jewish, Christian an ...

Hans Baur Hans Baur (19 June 1897 – 17 February 1993) was Adolf Hitler's pilot during the political campaigns of the early 1930s. He later became Hitler's personal pilot and leader of the ''Reichsregierung'' squadron. Apprehended by the Soviet Union a ...

* Friedrich von Boetticher * Georgi Bogdanov *

Michael von Faulhaber Michael Cardinal ''Ritter'' von Faulhaber (5 March 1869 – 12 June 1952) was a German Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Munich for 35 years, from 1917 to his death in 1952. Created Cardinal in 1921, von Faulhaber criticized the Weima ...

* Friedrich von Georgi * Hristo Matov * Hans Michahelles *

Igor Moiseyev Igor Alexandrovich Moiseyev (russian: Игорь Александрович Моисеев; – 2 November 2007) was a Soviet choreographer. Moiseyev was widely acclaimed as the greatest 20th-century choreographer of character dance, a dance ...

* Stevan Mokranjac * Dumitru C. Moruzi * Eberhard Graf von Schmettow *

Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Simeon Borisov von Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ( bg, Симеон Борисов Сакскобургготски, translit=Simeon Borisov Sakskoburggotski, ; born 16 June 1937) is a Bulgarian politician who reigned as the last tsar of the Kingdom of Bul ...

Vladimir Vazov Vladimir Minchev Vazov ( bg, Владимир Минчев Вазов) (14 May 1868 – 20 May 1945) was a Bulgarian officer. He led the Bulgarian forces during the successful defensive operation at Dojran during the First World War. Biography V ...

References

* {{cite book , last = Miller , first = Michael , title = Leaders Of The Storm Troops Volume 1 , publisher = Helion & Company , location = England, year = 2015 , isbn = 978-1-909982-87-1

Sources

*„Каталог Български ордени и медали“. Веселин Денков *„Българските ордени и медали 1878 - 2002“. Тодор Петров *„Ордени и медали в България“. 1998 Тодор Петров *„Българска Енциклопедия от А-Я“. 2005 Авторски колектив към БАН Military awards and decorations of Bulgaria Orders of chivalry of Bulgaria Awards established in 1881 1881 establishments in Bulgaria