The Orchidoideae, or the orchidoid orchids, are a subfamily of the orchid family (
Orchidaceae
Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant.
Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...
) that contains around 3630 species.
Species typically have a single (
monandrous
In botanical terms, monandrous simply means to have a single stamen.
In orchids
A distinction between monandrous and other flowers is particularly relevant in the classification of orchids. The monandrous orchids form a clade consisting of the s ...
), fertile
anther
The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10
Morphology and terminology
A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filam ...
which is erect and
basitonic.
Description
The subfamily Orchidoideae and the previously recognized subfamily Spiranthoideae are considered the closest allies in the natural group of the monandrous orchids because of several generally shared characters:
* a shared
terrestrial
Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth.
Terrestrial may also refer to:
* Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...
habit
*
sectile
Sectility is the ability of a mineral to be cut into thin pieces with a knife. Minerals that are not sectile will be broken into rougher pieces when cut. Metals and paper are sectile.
Sectility can be used to distinguish minerals of similar appea ...
(capable of being severed) or granular
pollinia A pollinium (plural pollinia) is a coherent mass of pollen grains in a plant that are the product of only one anther, but are transferred, during pollination, as a single unit. This is regularly seen in plants such as orchids and many species of mil ...
*erect anthers.
Taxonomy
Phylogeny of the Orchidoideae is volatile and still subject to change.
Historically, the Orchidoideae have been partitioned into up to 6
tribes
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to conflic ...
, including
Orchideae
Orchideae is a tribe of orchids in the subfamily Orchidoideae. Historically, it was divided into 2 subtribes, Orchidinae and Habenariinae. The subtribe Orchidinae alone contains about 1,800 species. However, although some phylogenetic studies ha ...
,
Diseae
Diseae is an orchid tribe in the subfamily Orchidoideae.. (See ''External links'' below). It was recognized in ''Genera Orchidacearum'' volume 2, which was published in 2001. It consisted of 12 genera in five subtribes. In molecular phylogenet ...
,
Cranichideae
Cranichideae is an orchid tribe in the subfamily Orchidoideae.
See also
* Taxonomy of the Orchidaceae
The taxonomy of the Orchidaceae (orchid family) has evolved slowly during the last 250 years, starting with Carl Linnaeus who in 1753 recogni ...
,
Chloraeeae,
Diurideae
Diurideae is a tribe of orchid in the subfamily Orchidoideae. It contains about 40 accepted genera. , its division into subtribes remained unclear.
Genera
Chase et al. (2015) accepted the following genera. Some have since been combined.
*''Acia ...
, and
Codonorchideae. However, the most recent
molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
analysis led by Chase et al. in 2015 and subsequently by Chen et al. in 2017 indicates that the Orchidoideae should be split into 4 tribes: the Orchideae, Cranichideae, Diurideae, and Codonorchideae.
Codonorchideae
This monophyletic tribe consists of only one genus, ''
Codonorchis
''Codonorchis'' is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. There are two known species:
*'' Codonorchis canisioi'' Mansf. - Brazil (State of Rio Grande do Sul)
*''Codonorchis lessonii'' (d'Urv.) Lindl. - Argentina, Chil ...
'', found in
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...
.
Cranichideae
Cranichideae is an orchid tribe in the subfamily Orchidoideae.
See also
* Taxonomy of the Orchidaceae
The taxonomy of the Orchidaceae (orchid family) has evolved slowly during the last 250 years, starting with Carl Linnaeus who in 1753 recogni ...
This cosmopolitan tribe comprises 8 currently accepted subtribes. Molecular evidence suggests that the former Chloraeeae are sister to the rest of the Cranichideae. As such, the Chloraeeae are now considered a subtribe of the Cranichideae.
Moreover, based on morphological and genetic evidence, the genus ''
Discyphus
''Discyphus'' is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is the only genus in the subtribe Discyphinae of the tribe Cranichideae. It contains only one currently recognized species, ''Discyphus scopulariae'', with two a ...
'' was elevated out of the Spiranthinae to form its own monophyletic subtribe, the
Discyphinae
''Discyphus'' is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is the only genus in the subtribe Discyphinae of the tribe Cranichideae. It contains only one currently recognized species, ''Discyphus scopulariae'', with two ...
.
Orchideae
Orchideae is a tribe of orchids in the subfamily Orchidoideae. Historically, it was divided into 2 subtribes, Orchidinae and Habenariinae. The subtribe Orchidinae alone contains about 1,800 species. However, although some phylogenetic studies ha ...
Once divided into the Orchidinae and Habenariinae
(a nonsystematic paraphyletic splitting), the Orchideae now comprise 6 subtribes.
Along with previous molecular studies, Chase et al's 2015 analysis confirmed that Diseae was a
polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...
grouping. Consequently, the former subtribes of Diseae have been redistributed within the Orchideae (for instance, ''
Satyrium'' is now classified in the Orchidinae). In his 2015 study Chase recommended further study of historically problematic genera in the former Diseae such as ''
Huttonaea
''Huttonaea'' is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It contains 5 known species, all native to southern Africa (South Africa and Lesotho
Lesotho ( ), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a country landlocked a ...
and
Pachites
''Pachites'' is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It contains two known species, both endemic to South Africa.Hans Peter Linder and Hubert Kurzweil. 1999. ''Orchids of Southern Africa''. 504 pages. A. A. Balkema. .Kew ...
.'' Further molecular analysis by Chen et al. in 2017 led to the following reorganization:
Diurideae
Diurideae is a tribe of orchid in the subfamily Orchidoideae. It contains about 40 accepted genera. , its division into subtribes remained unclear.
Genera
Chase et al. (2015) accepted the following genera. Some have since been combined.
*''Acia ...
The Diurideae, an predominantly Australasian tribe, retain their previous subtribal organization and comprise 9 taxa:
![Diuris setacea - Bristly donkey orchid (8035569990)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Diuris_setacea_-_Bristly_donkey_orchid_%288035569990%29.jpg)
*
Acianthinae
Acianthinae is an orchid subtribe in the tribe Diurideae.
See also
* Taxonomy of the Orchidaceae
The taxonomy of the Orchidaceae (orchid family) has evolved slowly during the last 250 years, starting with Carl Linnaeus who in 1753 recognized ...
(monophyletic)
*
Caladeniinae (polyphyletic)
*
Cryptostylidinae (monophyletic)
*
Diuridinae
Diuridinae is an orchid subtribe in the tribe Diurideae.
References
External links
{{Taxonbar, from=Q10267364
Orchid subtribes ...
(monophyletic)
*
Drakaeinae (monophyletic)
*
Megastylidinae
Megastylidinae is an orchid subtribe in the tribe Diurideae.
See also
* Taxonomy of the Orchidaceae
References
External links
Orchid subtribes
{{Orchidoideae-stub ...
(monophyletic)
*
Prasophyllinae (monophyletic)
*
Rhizanthellinae
''Rhizanthella'', commonly known as underground orchids, is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae and is endemic to Australia. All are leafless, living underground in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. The inflorescence i ...
(monophyletic)
*
Thelymitrinae (monophyletic)
References
* Pridgeon, A.M., P.J. Cribb, M.W. Chase and F.N. Rasmussen
ds. 2003. Genera Orchidacearum vol. 3: Orchidoideae part 2, Vanilloideae. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
* Salazar, G.A., M.W. Chase, M.A. Soto Arenas and M. Ingrouille. 2003. Phylogenetics of Cranichideae with emphasis on Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae): evidence from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. ''American Journal of Botany'' 90: 777-795.
* Salazar, G.A., L.I. Cabrera, S. Madriñán and M.W. Chase. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships of Cranichidinae and Prescottiinae (Orchidaceae, Cranichideae) inferred from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. ''Annals of Botany'' 104: 403-416
External links
{{Taxonbar, from=Q132369
Orchidoideae,
Asparagales subfamilies