The Calpinae are a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

of moths in the family

Erebidae The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth groups. The family includes the underwings ('' Catocala'') ...

described by

Jean Baptiste Boisduval Jean Baptiste Alphonse Déchauffour de Boisduval (24 June 1799 – 30 December 1879) was a French lepidopterist, botanist, and physician. He was one of the most celebrated lepidopterists of France, and was the co-founder of the Société entomol ...

in 1840. This subfamily includes many species of moths that have a pointed and barbed proboscis adapted to piercing the skins of fruit to feed on juice, and in the case of the several '' Calyptra'' species of vampire moths, to piercing the skins of mammals to feed on blood. The subfamily contains some large moths with wingspans longer than 5 cm (2 in).

Taxonomy

Recent phylogenetic studies have greatly revised this subfamily. The subfamily was previously classified within the

Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of the clades are constantly changing, along with the other f ...

, but the redefinition of that family has reclassified many of that family's subfamilies, including Calpinae, into the family

. The Calpinae are most closely related to a clade including the subfamilies Eulepidotinae and

Hypocalinae Hypocalinae is a subfamily of moth Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximate ...

, which are also among the Erebidae. The tribes

Anomini The Anomini are a tribe of moths in the family Erebidae. Genera *''Alabama (We dare defend our rights) , anthem = "Alabama (state song), Alabama" , image_map = Alabama in United States.svg , seat = Montgomery, Alabama, Montgomery , Larg ...

and

Scoliopterygini The Scoliopterygini are a tribe of moths in the family Erebidae. Genera *'' Ossonoba'' *''Scoliopteryx ''Scoliopteryx'' is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Ernst Friedrich Germar in 1810. Species * ''Scoliopt ...

, previously included in the Calpinae, were found to be distantly related and were reclassified into a separate subfamily as the

Scoliopteryginae The Scoliopteryginae are a subfamily of moths in the family Erebidae. Larvae have distinctive, extra setae on the first through seventh abdominal segments. Many adult moths in the subfamily have a proboscis adapted to pierce fruit skin, allowin ...

Tribes

The Calpinae consist of three

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

tribes. * Calpini * Ophiderini *

Phyllodini The Phyllodini are a tribe of moths in the family Erebidae. Taxonomy The Phyllodini are thought to be one of the two clades comprising the Calpinae, with the other clade containing the tribes Calpini and Ophiderini. Genera The following genera ...

Previous taxonomy

The status of the former composition of the Calpinae was somewhat disputed; it was sometimes merged into the

Catocalinae The Catocalinae are a subfamily of noctuoid moths, placed in family Noctuidae. In the alternative arrangement, where the Noctuidae are reduced to the core group around the Noctuinae, the present lineage is abolished, the upranked Catocalini bei ...

. Most of the calpine genera were not further classified. The phylogenetic structure of this group was essentially unresolved, and in many cases it was even doubtful whether the genera were indeed correctly placed in this subfamily. Tribe Calpini * ''

Africalpe ''Africalpe'' is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth ...

'' Krüger, 1939 * '' Calyptra'' Ochsenheimer, 1816 * ''

Eudocima ''Eudocima'' is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae with numerous tropical species. The genus was first categorised by Gustaf Johan Billberg in 1820, and species currently in the genus have been placed under a range of other genera in the pas ...

'' Billberg, 1820 * ''

Ferenta ''Ferenta'' is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth g ...

'' Walker, 1858 * ''

Gonodonta ''Gonodonta'' is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1818. Species * '' Gonodonta aequalis'' Walker, 1857 * '' Gonodonta aeratilinea'' Todd, 1973 * '' Gonodonta amianta'' Hampson, 1924 * '' Gonodon ...

'' Hübner, 1818 * ''

Graphigona ''Graphigona'' is a monotypic moth genus in the family Erebidae erected by Francis Walker in 1857. Its only species, ''Graphigona regina'', was first described by Achille Guenée Achille Guenée (sometimes M.A. Guenée; 1 January 1809 – 30 ...

'' Walker, 1858 * ''

Oraesia ''Oraesia'' is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Achille Guenée Achille Guenée (sometimes M.A. Guenée; 1 January 1809 – 30 December 1880) was a French lawyer and entomologist. Biography Achille Guenée wa ...

'' Boisduval & Guenée, 1852 * ''

Plusiodonta ''Plusiodonta'' is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae erected by Achille Guenée in 1852. Description Palpi upturned, where the second joint roughly scaled and reaching vertex of head or above it. Thorax and abdomen slender without tufts. F ...

'' Boisduval & Guenée, 1852 * ''

Tetrisia ''Tetrisia'' is a genus of shield bugs belonging to the family Plataspidae Plataspidae (Emendation (taxonomy), emended by some later authors as "Plataspididae", in violation of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, ICZN Code Article 29 ...

'' Walker, 1867 Tribe Gonopterini * ''

Scoliopteryx ''Scoliopteryx'' is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Ernst Friedrich Germar in 1810. Species * ''Scoliopteryx libatrix The herald (''Scoliopteryx libatrix'') is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was ...

'' Genera ''incertae sedis'' * ''

Cecharismena ''Cecharismena'' is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Möschler in 1890. Taxonomy The genus has previously been classified in the subfamily Phytometrinae within Erebidae or in the subfamily Calpinae of the family ...

'' Möschler, 1890 * ''

Culasta The genus ''Calyptra'' is a group of moths in subfamily Calpinae of the family Erebidae. They are a member of the Calpini tribe, whose precise circumscription is uncertain but which includes a number of other fruit-piercing or eye-frequenting ge ...

'' Moore, 1881 * ''

Euryschema ''Euryschema'' is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, ''Euryschema tricycla'', is known from Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queens ...

'' Turner, 1925 * '' Epicyrtica'' Turner, 1908 * ''

Goniapteryx ''Goniapteryx'' is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Maximilian Perty Josef Anton Maximilian Perty (17 September 1804, Ornbau – 8 August 1884, Bern) was a German naturalist and entomologist. He was a profe ...

'' Perty, 1833 * ''

Hemiceratoides ''Hemiceratoides'' is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macr ...

'' Strand, 1911 * ''

Pharga ''Pharga'' is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1863. Taxonomy The genus was previously classified in the subfamily Calpinae of the family Noctuidae. Species *'' Pharga barbara'' Schaus, 1915 R ...

'' Walker, 1863 * ''

Phyprosopus ''Phyprosopus'' is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Augustus Radcliffe Grote Augustus Radcliffe Grote (February 7, 1841 – September 12, 1903) was a British entomologist who described over 1,000 species of ...

'' Grote, 1872 * ''

Psammathodoxa ''Psammathodoxa'' is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. (February 14, 1866 – January 21, 1929) was an American entomologist. Dyar's Law, a pattern of geometric pr ...

'' Dyar, 1921 * ''

Radara ''Radara'' is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1862. Species *'' Radara helcida'' (Viette, 1961) Madagascar *'' Radara infundens'' (Walker, 863 Borneo *'' Radara prunescens'' (Hampson, 1902) so ...

'' Walker, 1862 Genera provisionally placed here (incomplete list); includes taxa sometimes separated in Ophiderinae

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q2934400 Calpinae Moth subfamilies