opennebula

OpenNebula is a cloud computing platform for managing heterogeneous distributed data center infrastructures. The OpenNebula platform manages a data center's virtual infrastructure to build private, public and hybrid implementations of Infrastructure as a Service. The two primary uses of the OpenNebula platform are data center virtualization and cloud deployments based on the KVM hypervisor
LXD/LXC
system containers, an
AWS Firecracker
microVMs. The platform is also capable of offering the cloud infrastructure necessary to operate a cloud on top of existing VMware infrastructure. In early June 2020, OpenNebula announced the release of a new Enterprise Edition for corporate users, along with a Community Edition. OpenNebula CE is free and open-source software, released under the Apache License version 2. OpenNebula CE comes with free access to maintenance releases but with upgrades to new minor/major versions only available for users with non-commercial deployments or with significant contributions to the OpenNebula Community. OpenNebula EE is distributed under a closed-source license and requires a commercial Subscription.

History

The OpenNebula Project was started as a research venture in 2005 by Ignacio M. Llorente and Ruben S. Montero. The first public release of the software occurred in 2008. The goals of the research were to create efficient solutions for managing virtual machines on distributed infrastructures. It was also important that these solutions had the ability to scale at high levels. Open-source development and an active community of developers have since helped mature the project. As the project matured it began to become more and more adopted and in March 2010 the primary writers of the project founded C12G Labs, now known as OpenNebula Systems, which provides value-added professional services to enterprises adopting or utilizing OpenNebula.

Description

OpenNebula orchestrates storage, network, virtualization, monitoring, and security technologies to deploy multi-tier services (e.g. compute clusters) as virtual machines on distributed infrastructures, combining both data center resources and remote cloud resources, according to allocation policies. According to the European Commission's 2010 report "... only few cloud dedicated research projects in the widest sense have been initiated – most prominent amongst them probably OpenNebula ...".

The toolkit includes features for integration, management, scalability, security and accounting. It also claims standardization, interoperability and portability, providing cloud users and administrators with a choice of several cloud interfaces (Amazon EC2 Query, OGF Open Cloud Computing Interface and vCloud) and hypervisors ( VMware vCenter, KVM
LXD/LXC
an
AWS Firecracker
, and can accommodate multiple hardware and software combinations in a data center.B. Sotomayor, R. S. Montero, I. M. Llorente, I. Foster. "Virtual Infrastructure Management in Private and Hybrid Clouds", IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 14-22, September/October 2009. DOI
10.1109/MIC.2009.119

OpenNebula is sponsored by OpenNebula Systems (formerly C12G).

OpenNebula is widely used by a variety of industries, including cloud providers, telecommunication, information technology services, government, banking, gaming, media, hosting, supercomputing, research laboratories, and international research projects. The OpenNebula Project is also used by some other cloud solutions as a cloud engine. OpenNebula has grown significantly since going public and now has many notable users from a variety of industries.
Notable users from the telecommunications and internet industry include Akamai, Blackberry, Fuze, Telefónica, and INdigital.
Users in the information technology industry include CA Technologies, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Hitachi Vantara, Informatica, CentOS, Netways, Ippon Technologies, Terradue 2.0, Unisys, MAV Technologies, Liberologico, Etnetera, EDS Systems, Inovex, Bosstek, Datera, Saldab, Hash Include, Blackpoint, Deloitte, Sharx dc, Server Storage Solutions, and NTS. Government solutions utilizing the OpenNebula Project include the National Central Library of Florence, bDigital, Deutsch E-Post, RedIRIS, GRNET, Instituto Geografico Nacional, CSIC, Gobex, ASAC Communications, KNAW, Junta De Andalucia, Flanders Environmental Agency, red.es, CENATIC, Milieuinfo, SIGMA, and Computaex.
Notable users in the financial sector include TransUnion, Produpan, Axcess Financial, Farm Credit Services of America, and Nasdaq Dubai.
Media and gaming users include BBC, Unity, R.U.R., Crytek, iSpot.tv, and Nordeus.
Hosting providers include ON VPS, NBSP, Orion VM, CITEC, LibreIT, Quobis, Virtion, OnGrid, Altus, DMEx, LMD, HostColor, Handy Networks, BIT, Good Hosting, Avalon, noosvps, Opulent Cloud, PTisp, Ungleich.ch, TAS France, TeleData, CipherSpace, Nuxit, Cyon, Tentacle Networks, Virtiso BV, METANET, e-tugra, lunacloud, todoencloud, Echelon, Knight Point Systems, 2 Twelve Solutions, and flexyz.
SaaS and enterprise users include Scytl, LeadMesh, OptimalPath, RJMetrics, Carismatel, Sigma, GLOBALRAP, Runtastic, MOZ, Rentalia, Vibes, Yuterra, Best Buy, Roke, Intuit, Securitas Direct, trivago, and Booking.com.

Science and academia implementations include FAS Research Computing at Harvard University, FermiLab, NIKHEF, LAL CNRS, DESY, INFN, IPB Halle, CSIRO, fccn, AIST, KISTI, KIT, ASTI, Fatec Lins, MIMOS, SZTAKI, Ciemat, SurfSARA, ESA, NASA, ScanEX, NCHC, CESGA, CRS4, PDC, CSUC, Tokyo Institute of Technology, CSC, HPCI, Cerit-SC, LRZ, PIC, Telecom SUD Paris, Universidade Federal de Ceara, Instituto Superiore Mario Barella, Academia Sinica, UNACHI, UCM, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Universite de Strasbourg, ECMWF, EWE Tel, INAFTNG, TeideHPC, Cujae, and Kent State University.
Cloud products using OpenNebula include ClassCat, HexaGrid, NodeWeaver, Impetus, and ZeroNines.

Development

OpenNebula follows a rapid release cycle to improve user satisfaction by rapidly delivering features and innovations based on user requirements and feedback. In other words, giving customers what they want more quickly, in smaller increments, while additionally increasing technical quality.

Major upgrades generally occur every 3-5 years and each upgrade generally has 3-5 updates. The OpenNebula project is mainly open-source and possible thanks to the active community of developers and translators supporting the project. Since version 5.12 the upgrade scripts are under a closed source license, which makes upgrading between versions impossible without a subscription unless you can prove you are operating a non-profit cloud or made a significant contribution to the project.

Release History

*Version TP and TP2, technology previews, offered host and VM management features, based on Xen hypervisor.
*Version 1.0 was the first stable release, introduced KVM and EC2 drivers, enabling hybrid clouds.
*Version 1.2 added new structure for the documentation and more hybrid functionality.
*Version 1.4 added public cloud APIs on top of oned to build public cloud and virtual network management.
*Version 2.0 added mysql backend, LDAP authentication, management of images and virtual networks.
*Version 2.2 added integration guides, ganglia monitoring and OCCI (converted as add-ons in later releases), Java bindings for the API and the Sunstone GUI.
*Version 3.0 added a migration path from previous versions, VLAN, ebtables and OVS integration for virtual networks, ACLs and accounting subsystem, VMware driver, Virtual Data Centers and federation across data centers.
*Version 3.2 added firewalling for VMs (deprecated later on by security groups).
*Version 3.4 introduced iSCSI datastore, cluster as a first class citizen and quotas.
*Version 3.6 added Virtual Routers, LVM datastores and the public OpenNebula marketplace integration.
*Version 3.8 added the OneFlow components for service management and OneGate for application insight.
*Version 4.0 added support for Ceph and Files datastore and the onedb tool.
*Version 4.2 added a new self service portal (Cloud View) and VMFS datastore.
*Version 4.4 released in 2014, brought a number of innovations in Open Cloud, improved cloud bursting, and implemented the use of multiple system datastores for storage load policies.
* Version 4.6 allowed users to have different instances of OpenNebula in geographically dispersed and different data centers, this was known as the Federation of OpenNebula. A new cloud portal for cloud consumers was also introduced and in App market support was provided to import OVAs.
* Version 4.8 began offering support for Microsoft Azure and IBM. Developers, it also continued evolving and improving the platform by incorporating support for OneFlow in cloud view. This meant end users could now define virtual machine applications and services elastically.
* Version 4.10 integrated the support portal with the Sunstone GUI. Login token was also developed, and support was provided for VMS and vCenter.
* Version 4.12 offered new functionality to implement security groups and improve vCenter integration. Show back model was also deployed to track and analyze clouds due to different departments.
* Version 4.14 introduced a newly redesigned and modularized graphical interface code, Sunstone. This was intended to improve code readability and ease the task of adding new components.
*Version 5.0 'Wizard' introduced marketplaces as means to share images across different OpenNebula instances. Management of Virtual Routers with a network topology visual tool in Sunstone.
*Version 5.2 'Excession' added a IPAM subsystem to aid in network integrations, and also added LDAP group dynamic mapping.
*Version 5.4 'Medusa' introduced Full storage and network management for vCenter, and support for VM Groups to define affinity between VMs and hypervisors. Own implementation of RAFT for HA of the controller.
*Version 5.6 'Blue Flash' focused on scalability improvements, as well as UX improvements.
*Version 5.8 'Edge' added support for LXD for infrastructure containers, automatic NIC selection and Distributed Datacenters (DDC), which is the ability to use bare metal providers to build remote clusters in edge and hybrid cloud environments.
*Version 5.10 'Boomerang' added NUMA and CPU pinning, NSX integration, revamped hook subsystem based ion 0MQ, DPDK support and 2FA authentication for Sunstone.
*'
Version 5.12 'Firework'
'' removal of upgrade scripts, added support to AWS Firecracker micro-VMs, a new integration with Docker Hub, Security Group integration (NSX), several improvements to Sunstone, a revamped OneFlow component, and an improved monitoring subsystem.
*'
Version 6.0 'Mutara'
'' new multi-cloud architecture based on "Edge Clusters", enhanced Docker and Kubernetes support, new FireEdge webUI, revamped OneFlow, new backup capabilities.
*'
Version 6.2 'Red Square'
'' improvements to LXC driver, new support to workload portability, beta preview of the new Sunstone GUI.
*'
Version 6.4 'Archeon'
'' new support to the automatic deployment and management of edge clusters based on Ceph using on-premise infrastructure or AWS bare-metal resources, addition of the notion of network states, improvements to the new Sunstone GUI, to the LXC driver, and to the integration with VMware vCenter, and new module for WHMCS (only for EE).
*'
Version 6.6 'Electra'
'' new integration of Prometheus for advanced monitoring combined with a new set of Grafana dashboards (only for EE), new native support for incremental backups based on datastore back-ends and the development of new drivers for ''restic'' (only for EE) and ''rsync'', and several improvements for Telco Cloud environments, including enhanced management of virtual networks and VNFs.

Internal architecture

Basic components

* Host: Physical machine running a supported hypervisor.
* Cluster: Pool of hosts that share datastores and virtual networks.
* Template: Virtual Machine definition.
* Image: Virtual Machine disk image.
* Virtual Machine: Instantiated Template. A Virtual Machine represents one life-cycle, and several Virtual Machines can be created from a single Template.
* Virtual Network: A group of IP leases that VMs can use to automatically obtain IP addresses. It allows the creation of Virtual Networks by mapping