![Hamadryas baboon male](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Hamadryas_baboon_male.jpg)
One-male groups are a type of
social organization
In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and social groups.
Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership, s ...
where one male interacts with a group of females and their immature offspring. Offspring of both sexes are evicted from the group upon reaching puberty. It can be seen in many species of
primate
Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians (monkeys and apes, the latter including huma ...
s, including the
gelada baboon
The gelada (''Theropithecus gelada'', am, ጭላዳ, translit=č̣əlada), sometimes called the bleeding-heart monkey or the gelada baboon, is a species of Old World monkey found only in the Ethiopian Highlands, living at elevations of above se ...
,
the
patas monkey
The common patas monkey (''Erythrocebus patas''), also known as the wadi monkey or hussar monkey, is a ground-dwelling monkey distributed over semi-arid areas of West Africa, and into East Africa.
Taxonomy
There is some confusion surrounding ...
, savanna baboon,
sun-tailed monkey, golden snub-nosed monkey, and the
hamadryas baboon
The hamadryas baboon (''Papio hamadryas'' ) is a species of baboon within the Old World monkey family. It is the northernmost of all the baboons, being native to the Horn of Africa and the southwestern region of the Arabian Peninsula. These re ...
.
There are costs and benefits for individuals living in one-male groups.
As well, individuals within one-male groups can interact with each other just like individuals can interact with those from different one-male groups.
Origin
A study of savanna baboons (
hamadryas ursinus) indicates that the one-male groups in this species are formed by fissioning.
For example, a 100-month old male entered a
multi male - multi female (mm) group then formed a one-male group with eight of the adult females in the MM group. Juveniles of the species, suspected to be young of the eight adult females, also joined the new one-male group.
However, when a new male successfully enters a one-male group, the social hierarchy will be changed depending on the previously determined rankings of the newly entered male. The previous resident male of the one-male group may be out-ranked and therefore placed lower on the hierarchy of males.
Costs
Infanticide
One of the costs of living in one-male groups is the killing of unweaned young by conspecific adult males. This is known as
infanticide
Infanticide (or infant homicide) is the intentional killing of infants or offspring. Infanticide was a widespread practice throughout human history that was mainly used to dispose of unwanted children, its main purpose is the prevention of reso ...
, and mostly occurs when adult males or coalitions of males takeover the group and kill the resident male.
This is done to increase the
reproductive success
Reproductive success is an individual's production of offspring per breeding event or lifetime. This is not limited by the number of offspring produced by one individual, but also the reproductive success of these offspring themselves.
Reproduct ...
of the intervening males because the females are more likely to mate with them now that they need to produce new offspring. While the infanticide is an obvious cost to females, it is beneficial to the infanticidal males. Infanticide in one-male groups has been studied in the Virungas population of mountain gorillas.
Inbreeding
Another cost of living in one-male social groups is that there is a high occurrence of
inbreeding
Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically. By analogy, the term is used in human reproduction, but more commonly refers to the genetic disorders and o ...
. This means that closely related individuals can mate and produce offspring. This results in decreasing genetic diversity with subsequent generations of the species. For example, inbreeding has been studied in one-male groups of sun-tailed monkeys ''
(Cercopithecus solatus'').
In this study, the time between two births for females increased when an inbred offspring was born. This suggests that there could be increased maternal costs with giving birth to and rearing an inbred offspring, compared to a noninbred offspring.
Inbreeding depression
Inbreeding depression is the reduced biological fitness which has the potential to result from inbreeding (the breeding of related individuals). Biological fitness refers to an organism's ability to survive and perpetuate its genetic material. In ...
resulted from the decreased genetic diversity within this population, meaning that the population as a whole experienced a decrease in
fitness (i.e. reproductive success). Unlike infanticide, the high occurrence of inbreeding in one-male groups is a disadvantageous to both the females and males in the group.
Benefits
Feeding advantages
Experiments involving the hamadryas baboon species (''
hamadryas hamadryas'') provide evidence of feeding advantages for male and female members of one-male groups. However, the findings of feeding advantages were only evident when these one-male groups formed clans.
It has been shown that males from single one-male groups did not approach males that were part of clans to compete for food sources. Additionally, it was found that males from smaller clans did not approach males from bigger clans (i.e. with more one-male groups) to compete for food. Ultimately, these feeding advantages of decreased competition were seen between one-male groups, not for males within the same groups or clans.
In addition, it can be said that males and females in a clan have feeding advantages compared to males and females in single one-male groups because it has been shown that the males and females in clans gain access to clumped food sources earlier than those in single one-male groups and that they spend more time with clumped food sources than the single groups.
Within-group interactions
Female-female interactions
Studies of social interactions among golden snub‐nosed monkeys (''
Rhinopithecus roxellana
The golden snub-nosed monkey (''Rhinopithecus roxellana'') is an Old World monkey in the subfamily Colobinae. It is endemic to a small area in temperate, mountainous forests of central and Southwest China. They inhabit these mountainous forests ...
'') reveal that adult females tend to interact with each other, but they do not form strong social bonds with other females in the same one-male group.
Female-male interactions
It has been shown that adult female golden snub-nosed monkeys do not form strong social relationships with the resident male in the one-male group.
However, the adult females tended to interact more with other adult females instead of the resident male when they were looking for social interaction.
Patterns of social relationships
While researchers have found that individuals in one-male groups of hamadryas baboons exhibit a pattern of social relationships called a star-shaped relationship, it has been found that gelada baboon (''
Theropithecus gelada
The gelada (''Theropithecus gelada'', am, ጭላዳ, translit=č̣əlada), sometimes called the bleeding-heart monkey or the gelada baboon, is a species of Old World monkey found only in the Ethiopian Highlands, living at elevations of above se ...
'') individuals in one-male groups exhibit a net-shaped relationship pattern.
Individuals in the snub-nosed monkey species exhibit a different pattern of social relationships than the two other baboon species.
Between-group interactions
Allomaternal nursing
In a study of social relationships among a clan (i.e. multiple one-male groups) of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (''
Rhinopithecus bieti''), it was determined that the adult females of one-male groups sometimes care for the young of other one-male groups.
For example, when a mother and her young offspring were accidentally separated, a mother belonging to a different one-male group cared for the young. The separated young was nursed by the adoptive mother (who also nursed her own offspring) and tolerated by the resident male of the one-male group that the offspring was now temporarily apart of.
Affiliative interactions
Affiliative interactions between individuals of one-male groups include sitting near, grooming in front of, and handling the infants of other one-male groups.
The most prevalent type of affiliative interaction seen in a study involving Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (
Rhinopithecus roxellana
The golden snub-nosed monkey (''Rhinopithecus roxellana'') is an Old World monkey in the subfamily Colobinae. It is endemic to a small area in temperate, mountainous forests of central and Southwest China. They inhabit these mountainous forests ...
) is infant handling.
This infant handling can form gatherings of multiple one-male units that forage together. This type of social structure is called a band.
See also
*
Multi-male group Basic requirements of individual primates include obtaining food, avoiding predators, and reproducing. When these basic requirements are best pursued in the company of others, groups will form. Multi-male groups, also known as multi-male/multi-femal ...
References
{{Ethology
Ethology