''Omphalina'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of small agarics with white,

nonamyloid In mycology a tissue or feature is said to be amyloid if it has a positive amyloid reaction when subjected to a crude chemical test using iodine as an ingredient of either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, producing a blue to blue-black stai ...

, basidiospores and decurrent gills. Typically the cap has a deep central depression giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped cap the appearance of a belly button, or a belly with a

navel The navel (clinically known as the umbilicus, commonly known as the belly button or tummy button) is a protruding, flat, or hollowed area on the abdomen at the attachment site of the umbilical cord. All placental mammals have a navel, although ...

. Similarly-shaped agarics are said to be omphalinoid in appearance.

Etymology

''Omphalina'' is the

diminutive A diminutive is a root word that has been modified to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, either to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment. A (abbreviated ) is a word-formati ...

of ''Omphalia'' which is a reference to the belly button or

-like appearance of the small dome-shaped caps with a central depression. It derives from the Greek word

omphalos An omphalos is a religious stone artifact, or baetylus. In Ancient Greek, the word () means "navel". Among the Ancient Greeks, it was a widespread belief that Delphi was the center of the world. According to the myths regarding the founding of ...

Historical nomenclatural confusion

The generic name ''Omphalina'' is an ancient one, linked to the even older mushroom name ''Omphalia'' which cannot be used because it is an illegitimate later homonym. Historically, the former was generally applied to any white-spored, similarly sized and shaped

mushroom A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source. ''Toadstool'' generally denotes one poisonous to humans. The standard for the name "mushroom" is t ...

. As a result, many species that still are labeled ''Omphalina'', or were labeled ''Omphalia'' are in fact not true Omphalinas. The now conserved type species is ''Omphalina pyxidata

http://myconormandie.free.fr/affiche-photo.php?photo=37

Prior to International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, conservation of the type, typification was debated and unstable for several decades.

Phylogenetic redefinition

Molecular

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

studies using DNA show this species and others on

moss Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) '' sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hor ...

es with reddish brown to yellowish brown

pigment A pigment is a colored material that is completely or nearly insoluble in water. In contrast, dyes are typically soluble, at least at some stage in their use. Generally dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic compo ...

s that encrust the

hypha A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or ...

l walls are related, while many other former Omphalinas are distantly related and are classified in other

orders Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

, or

families Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideall ...

, and in other genera.

Biology

''Omphalina'' in the modern sense is a small genus of bryophyte colonizing mushrooms. They grow on mossy burned soils and in undisturbed mossy areas in

Arctic The Arctic ( or ) is a polar regions of Earth, polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenla ...

Antarctic The Antarctic ( or , American English also or ; commonly ) is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau and other ...

alpine Alpine may refer to any mountainous region. It may also refer to: Places Europe * Alps, a European mountain range ** Alpine states, which overlap with the European range Australia * Alpine, New South Wales, a Northern Village * Alpine National Pa ...

and

rural In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas and areas with forestry typically are describ ...

and urban sites. Many other bryophilous mushrooms occur in such habitats but they have other characteristics.

Reclassified and excluded former Omphalinas

Lichenized omphalinas, which are basidiolichens, are now placed in '' Lichenomphalia''. An example is the species previously known as either ''Omphalina ericetorum'' or ''Omphalina umbellifera'' that is now called ''Lichenomphalia umbellifera''; etc. Bryophilous grey to blackish former omphalinas are largely in the genus ''

Arrhenia ''Arrhenia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. ''Arrhenia'' also includes species formerly placed in the genera ''Leptoglossum'' and ''Phaeotellus'' and the lectotype species itself has an unusual growth form that would not norma ...

''. Examples are: ''Omphalina epichysium'', now ''Arrhenia epichysium''; ''Omphalina sphagnicola'' now ''Arrhenia sphagnicola''; etc. Any former omphalina with amyloid spores goes into another genus. These genera include ''

Mycena ''Mycena'' is a large genus of small saprotrophic mushrooms that are rarely more than a few centimeters in width. They are characterized by a white spore print, a small conical or bell-shaped cap, and a thin fragile stem. Most are gray or bro ...

'', '' Myxomphalia'', '' Pseudoarmillariella'', ''

Xeromphalina ''Xeromphalina'' is a genus of fungi in the family Mycenaceae The Mycenaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. According to the ''Dictionary of the Fungi'' (10th edition, 2008), the family contains 10 genera and 705 species. This ...

'', etc. No true ''Omphalina'' has gelatinized or slimy tissues or brightly colored pigments. Neither do they have cystidia. Excluded species whose exclusion is supported by molecular analysis, include the genera: ''

Blasiphalia ''Blasiphalia'' is a fungal genus in the family Repetobasidiaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the honey colored omphalinoid agaricbr> ''Blasiphalia pseudogrisella'', which grows with the Marchantiophyta, liverwort genus ''Blasia''. Phylogene ...

'', '' Chrysomphalina'', ''

Chromosera ''Chromosera'' is a genus of fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Within the family Hygrophoraceae it is closely related to the genus '' Gloioxanthomyces''. It contains five species. The generic name honors the mycologist Meinhard Moser, and also a ...

'', ''

Contumyces ''Contumyces'' is a genus of brightly colored possibly bryophilous or graminicolous agarics in the Hymenochaetales. They have an omphalinoid morphology, and therefore were previously classified in ''Omphalina''http://perso.orange.fr/famm/Photos/B ...

'', ''

Gerronema ''Gerronema'' is a genus of small- to medium-sized lignicolous agarics with white, nonamyloid, spores and decurrent gills. The genus was circumscribed by American mycologist Rolf Singer in 1951. Description Typically the cap of the fruit bodi ...

'', ''

Haasiella ''Haasiella'' is a fungal genus in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is a monotypic genus that contains only the species ''Haasiella splendidissima''. ''Haasiella venustissima'', formerly considered to be a distinct species based on its one and two-sp ...

'', ''

Loreleia ''Loreleia'' is a genus of brightly colored agarics in the Hymenochaetales that have an omphalinoid morphology. They inhabit mosses and or liverworts on soil in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Phylogenetically related agarics are i ...

'', ''

Rickenella ''Rickenella'' is a genus of brightly colored bryophilous agarics in the Hymenochaetales that have an omphalinoid morphology. They inhabit mosses on mossy soils, peats, tree trunks and logs in temperate regions of both the Northern and Southern ...

'', etc.

Species

*'' Omphalina arctica'' *'' Omphalina chionophila'' *''

Omphalina demissa ''Omphalina'' is a genus of small agarics with white, nonamyloid, basidiospores and decurrent gills. Typically the cap has a deep central depression giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped cap the appearance of a belly button, or a belly with a ...

'' *'' Omphalina favrei'' *'' Omphalina foetida'' *''

Omphalina fulvopallens ''Omphalina'' is a genus of small agarics with white, nonamyloid, basidiospores and decurrent lamella (mycology), gills. Typically the pileus (mycology), cap has a deep central depression giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped cap the appearanc ...

'' *'' Omphalina grisea'' *'' Omphalina kuehneri'' *'' Omphalina mutila'' *'' Omphalina nothofaginea'' *'' Omphalina pseudomuralis'' *''

Omphalina pyxidata ''Omphalina'' is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and the type species of the genus ''Omphalina''. It is found in North America and Europe. References External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q7090688 Tricholomataceae ...

'' *'' Omphalina rivulicola'' *'' Omphalina subhepatica'' *'' Omphalina wallacei'' *''

Omphalina wellingtonensis ''Omphalina'' is a genus of small agarics with white, nonamyloid, basidiospores and decurrent lamella (mycology), gills. Typically the pileus (mycology), cap has a deep central depression giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped cap the appearanc ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2707211 Tricholomataceae Agaricales genera

Etymology

Historical nomenclatural confusion

Phylogenetic redefinition

Biology

Reclassified and excluded former Omphalinas

Species

See also

References