![Fuerstentum Luebeck - Grenzstein-Hassendorf](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Fuerstentum_Luebeck_-_Grenzstein-Hassendorf.JPG)
Oldenburg is a former state in northwestern Germany whose capital was
Oldenburg Oldenburg may also refer to:
Places
*Mount Oldenburg, Ellsworth Land, Antarctica
*Oldenburg (city), an independent city in Lower Saxony, Germany
**Oldenburg (district), a district historically in Oldenburg Free State and now in Lower Saxony
*Olde ...
. The region gained its independence in the
High Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the periodization, period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended ...
. It survived the
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of Fren ...
as an independent country, formed part of the
German Confederation
The German Confederation (german: Deutscher Bund, ) was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe. It was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, w ...
, and was a member state of the
German Reich
German ''Reich'' (lit. German Realm, German Empire, from german: Deutsches Reich, ) was the constitutional name for the German nation state that existed from 1871 to 1945. The ''Reich'' became understood as deriving its authority and sovereignty ...
from 1871 to 1946.
Geography: Oldenburg Land
The Oldenburgish state has been joined to numerous distant
exclave
An enclave is a territory (or a small territory apart of a larger one) that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state or entity. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is sometimes used improperly to deno ...
s over time. Additionally, the country was governed for a long time by
Danish
Danish may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark
People
* A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane," see Demographics of Denmark
* Culture of Denmark
* Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish a ...
rulers.
Oldenburg Land
Oldenburg Land (german: Oldenburger Land) is a region and regional association in the German state of Lower Saxony in the area of the former Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (1815–1918), the later Free State of Oldenburg (1918–1946) and administrativ ...
is used to designate in a narrower sense the northern, older part of the Grand Duchy, especially the territory of the old County of Oldenburg. The southern part of the country added in 1803 is called
Oldenburg Münsterland
The Oldenburg Münsterland, otherwise called Oldenburger Münsterland or Oldenburgisches Münsterland, is a region in Lower Saxony, Germany and the administrative area that comprises the federal districts of Cloppenburg and Vechta. Unofficially, ...
. To this was added
Landwürden, lying to the east of the Weser. In no case were the exclaves that belonged to Oldenburg until 1937 included under the name of Oldenburg Land, nor were the
Principality of Lübeck
A principality (or sometimes princedom) can either be a monarchy, monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a regnant-monarch with the title of prince and/or princess, or by a monarch with another title considered to ...
, part of Oldenburg after 1773 (later
Kreis Eutin, currently part of
Ostholstein
Ostholstein (; da, Østholsten) is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is bounded by (from the southwest and clockwise) the districts of Stormarn, Segeberg and Plön, the Baltic Sea and the city of Lübeck.
History
The district was es ...
) or the
Principality of Birkenfeld
The Principality of Birkenfeld (german: Fürstentum Birkenfeld), known after 1919 as the Region of Birkenfeld (german: Landesteil Birkenfeld), was an exclave of the Grand Duchy and then the Free State of Oldenburg from 1817 until 1937, when it w ...
(part of Oldenburg after 1817, belonging to the
Nahe region).
History
County of Oldenburg (1108–1774)
In the
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...
Oldenburg was a county that developed around the settlement of Oldenburg, (first attested in 1108) and in the course of history gained control of a wider area. The
Counts of Oldenburg
120px, Shield of the Counts of Oldenburg
120px, Shield of the Counts of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst
This is a list of the counts, dukes, grand dukes, and prime ministers of Oldenburg.
Counts of Oldenburg
* 1088/1101–1108 Elimar I
* 1108–1143 ...
stemmed from a Frisian princely house. At first vassals of the
Welf Welf is a Germanic first name that may refer to:
*Welf (father of Judith), 9th century Frankish count, father-in-law of Louis the Pious
*Welf I, d. bef. 876, count of Alpgau and Linzgau
*Welf II, Count of Swabia, died 1030, supposed descendant of W ...
Saxon
The Saxons ( la, Saxones, german: Sachsen, ang, Seaxan, osx, Sahson, nds, Sassen, nl, Saksen) were a group of Germanic
*
*
*
*
peoples whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country (Old Saxony, la, Saxonia) near the Nor ...
prince
Henry the Lion
Henry the Lion (german: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129/1131 – 6 August 1195) was a member of the Welf dynasty who ruled as the duke of Saxony and Bavaria from 1142 and 1156, respectively, until 1180.
Henry was one of the most powerful German p ...
, they took advantage of his deposition by
Emperor Barbarossa
Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (german: link=no, Friedrich I, it, Federico I), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later. He was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt o ...
to make themselves autonomous. The first Oldenburgs belonged to the line of the
Rüstringen
Rüstringen or Rustringen was an old Frisian gau, which lies between the modern district Friesland and the Weser river in modern Lower Saxony. Nowadays, only a small part of the original territory remains, namely the Butjadingen peninsula. The lar ...
Frisians. In 1234 the county was acquired by the also Frisian
Stedingens, later by other Frisian territories (Butjadingen, Rüstringen, Wurden) and finally in 1575 came into the possession of the
Lordship of Jever
Friesland is a district (''Landkreis'') in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the southeast and clockwise) the districts of Wesermarsch, Ammerland, Leer and Wittmund, and by the North Sea. The city of Wilhelmshaven is enclosed by—bu ...
. Oldenburg gained importance when
Count Dietrich of Oldenburg († 1440) married
Helvig of Schauenburg
Helvig of Schauenburg (german: Heilwig von Holstein) (1398–1436) was a duchess of Schleswig and a countess of Holstein from the family of Schauenburg.
She was the mother of King Christian I of Denmark and ancestor of the Danish Royal houses of ...
, daughter of
Gerhard VI of Schleswig-Holstein-Rendsburg. Dietrich's younger son carried on the line of Oldenburg counts, which died out in 1667. The elder son, Christian, was elected King
Christian I
Christian I (February 1426 – 21 May 1481) was a Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union. He was king of Denmark (1448–1481), Norway (1450–1481) and Sweden (1457–1464). From 1460 to 1481, he was also duke of Schleswig (within ...
of
Denmark
)
, song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast")
, song_type = National and royal anthem
, image_map = EU-Denmark.svg
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark
...
in 1448 and Lord of
Schleswig
The Duchy of Schleswig ( da, Hertugdømmet Slesvig; german: Herzogtum Schleswig; nds, Hartogdom Sleswig; frr, Härtochduum Slaswik) was a duchy in Southern Jutland () covering the area between about 60 km (35 miles) north and 70 km ...
and
Holstein
Holstein (; nds, label=Northern Low Saxon, Holsteen; da, Holsten; Latin and historical en, Holsatia, italic=yes) is the region between the rivers Elbe and Eider. It is the southern half of Schleswig-Holstein, the northernmost state of German ...
in 1460. In 1667 this line acquired Oldenburg as well, which thereby was joined in
personal union
A personal union is the combination of two or more states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct. A real union, by contrast, would involve the constituent states being to some extent interlink ...
with the Danish crown. The lordships of Jever and
Kniphausen
Wilhelmshaven (, ''Wilhelm's Harbour''; Northern Low Saxon: ''Willemshaven'') is a coastal town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the western side of the Jade Bight, a bay of the North Sea, and has a population of 76,089. Wilhelmsh ...
were not affected. The Lordship of Jever was willed by
Anthony Günther, Count of Oldenburg
Anthony Günther, Count of Oldenburg (aka Anton Günther, 10 November 158319 June 1667) was an Imperial Count and a member of the House of Oldenburg
Günther was born in Oldenburg and was the ruling count of Oldenburg from 1603 until his death i ...
to the
Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst and in 1795 fell by ''
Kunkellehen'' (female inheritance) to the
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
n empress
Catherine the Great
, en, Catherine Alexeievna Romanova, link=yes
, house =
, father = Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
, mother = Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp
, birth_date =
, birth_name = Princess Sophie of Anhal ...
.
Duchy of Oldenburg (1774–1810)
Through a territorial trade, the County of Oldernburg was assigned in the
Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo
The Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo was a territorial and dynastic treaty between the Russian Empire and Denmark–Norway. Signed on 1 June 1773, it transferred control of ducal Schleswig-Holstein to the Danish crown in return for Russian control of the ...
on the 27th of August, 1773, to the head of the
House of Holstein-Gottorp
Holstein-Gottorp or Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp () is the historiographical name, as well as contemporary shorthand name, for the parts of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, also known as Ducal Holstein, that were ruled by the dukes of Schlesw ...
, the future Emperor
Paul I of Russia
Paul I (russian: Па́вел I Петро́вич ; – ) was Emperor of Russia from 1796 until his assassination. Officially, he was the only son of Peter III of Russia, Peter III and Catherine the Great, although Catherine hinted that he w ...
, who four days later transferred the country to his cousin
Frederick August, the Prince-bishop of Lübeck, who was then promoted by Emperor
Joseph II
Joseph II (German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; English: ''Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam''; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands from November 29, 1780 unt ...
to the rank of duke in 1774/1777. The duchy thus consisted of two geographically separate parts: Oldenburg proper and the
Prince-bishopric of Lübeck
The Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck, (german: Hochstift Lübeck; Fürstbistum Lübeck; Bistum Lübeck) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire until 1803. Originally ruled by Roman-Catholic bishops, after 1586 it was ruled by lay ...
with the
Residenz
Residenz () is a German word for "place of living", now obsolete except in the formal sense of an official residence. A related term, Residenzstadt, denotes a city where a sovereign ruler resided, therefore carrying a similar meaning as the modern ...
of
Eutin
Eutin () is the district capital of Ostholstein, Eastern Holstein county located in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein. As of 2020, the town had some 17,000 inhabitants.
History
The name Eutin (originally Utin) is of Slavic origin. I ...
. In 1785 Frederick August died. His nephew
Peter Frederick Louis accepted the successorship and regency for Frederick August's mentally ill son
Peter Frederick William as coadjutor. Under him Oldenburg again became a Residenz. In the
Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
The ' (formally the ', or "Principal Conclusion of the Extraordinary Imperial Delegation"), sometimes referred to in English as the Final Recess or the Imperial Recess of 1803, was a resolution passed by the ' (Imperial Diet) of the Holy Roman Em ...
of 1803 Oldenburg obtained the
Hanoverian district of
Wildeshausen
Wildeshausen (Low Saxon: ''Wilshusen'') is a town and the capital of the Oldenburg district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated by the river Hunte.
History
In 1648, Wildeshausen and the surrounding district was ceded to Sweden, in the Peace ...
and the districts of
Vechta
Vechta (; Northern Low Saxon: ''Vechte'') is the capital and largest city of the Vechta (district), Vechta district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is home to the University of Vechta.
It is known for the 'Stoppelmarkt' fair, which takes place every ...
and
Cloppenburg
Cloppenburg (; nds, Cloppenborg; stq, Kloppenbuurich) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, capital of Cloppenburg District and part of Oldenburg Münsterland. It lies 38 km south-south-west of Oldenburg in the Weser-Ems region between Brem ...
from the dissolved
Prince-Bishopric of Münster
The Prince-Bishopric of Münster (german: Fürstbistum Münster; Bistum Münster, Hochstift Münster) was a large ecclesiastical principality in the Holy Roman Empire, located in the northern part of today's North Rhine-Westphalia and western Low ...
in compensation for losing the
Elsflether Weserzoll. The Prince-bishopric of Lübeck was transformed into a hereditary principality. Although it had joined the
Confederation of the Rhine
The Confederated States of the Rhine, simply known as the Confederation of the Rhine, also known as Napoleonic Germany, was a confederation of German client states established at the behest of Napoleon some months after he defeated Austria an ...
, it was annexed to France in 1810 by
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...
. The Duke fled to his son George in Russia, who had married the Emperor's daughter
Catherine Pavlovna
Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia (russian: Екатерина Павловна; 21 May 1788 S 10 May 1788– 9 January 1819) later Queen Catharina Pavlovna of Württemberg, was the fourth daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia and Du ...
.
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (1814–1918)
In 1814, after the fall of Napoleon, the Duke returned to his country, which was raised to a
grand duchy
A grand duchy is a sovereign state, country or territory whose official head of state or ruler is a monarch bearing the title of grand duke or grand duchess.
Relatively rare until the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the term was oft ...
in 1815 after the
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna (, ) of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon B ...
. Furthermore, Oldenburg received a new exclave, the
Principality of Birkenfeld
The Principality of Birkenfeld (german: Fürstentum Birkenfeld), known after 1919 as the Region of Birkenfeld (german: Landesteil Birkenfeld), was an exclave of the Grand Duchy and then the Free State of Oldenburg from 1817 until 1937, when it w ...
on the
Nahe, so that the national territory now comprised three parts. In 1818 Oldenburg received the Lordship of Jever back from Emperor
Alexander I of Russia
Alexander I (; – ) was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first King of Congress Poland from 1815, and the Grand Duke of Finland from 1809 to his death. He was the eldest son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.
The son of ...
. After Peter Frederick Louis's death in 1829 his son
Paul Frederick August succeeded him and became the first to call himself Grand Duke. On the 28th of February, 1849, in the context of the
German Revolution
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
, the
Fundamental Law of the State, the first Oldenburgish constitution, came into force. It was revised as soon as 1852. In 1853
Nicholas Frederick Peter became Grand Duke of Oldenburg. Under his rule the Lordship of In- and Kniphausen was regained. In the same year, Oldenburg joined the
German Zollverein and in 1867 the
North German Confederation
The North German Confederation (german: Norddeutscher Bund) was initially a German military alliance established in August 1866 under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was transformed in the subsequent year into a confederated st ...
. In the
Second Schleswig War
The Second Schleswig War ( da, Krigen i 1864; german: Deutsch-Dänischer Krieg) also sometimes known as the Dano-Prussian War or Prusso-Danish War was the second military conflict over the Schleswig-Holstein Question of the nineteenth century. T ...
of 1864 Oldenburg remained neutral. In the
Austro-Prussian War
The Austro-Prussian War, also by many variant names such as Seven Weeks' War, German Civil War, Brothers War or Fraternal War, known in Germany as ("German War"), (; "German war of brothers") and by a variety of other names, was fought in 186 ...
of 1866 Oldenburgish troops fought on the side of
Prussia
Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an em ...
against
Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
. The Oldenburgish military likewise took the Prussian side in the
Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1871. After a reign of 47 years, Nicholas Frederick Peter died in 1900. His son
Frederick August succeeded him.
Free State of Oldenburg (1918–1946)
![Oldenburgisches Staatsministerium Eingang](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Oldenburgisches_Staatsministerium_Eingang.JPG)
After
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
and the abdication of Grand Duke Frederick August, Oldenburg became a republic. It remained a state of the German Reich under the name Free State of Oldenburg. However, democracy lasted for only a short time. Already in the state parliamentary elections of 1931 the
NSDAP
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (german: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that crea ...
became the strongest faction and in 1932 gained the state presidency as part of a coalition government. In the following years the Free State was
Nazified
The Nazi term () or "coordination" was the process of Nazification by which Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party successively established a system of totalitarian control and coordination over all aspects of German society and societies occupied b ...
. With the British military government's Ordinance No. 46 on the 23rd of August, 1946, titled "Abolition of the Provinces in the British Zone of the Former State of Prussia and the Reconstitution Thereof as Separate Länder" Oldenburg was joined with the
State of Hanover as
Verwaltungsbezirk Oldenburg to create Lower Saxony.
Attempts to Restore Statehood
In a 1956 referendum and on the 19th of January, 1975, citizens voted against Oldenburg's remaining in the state of
Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony (german: Niedersachsen ; nds, Neddersassen; stq, Läichsaksen) is a German state (') in northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, with , and fourth-largest in population (8 million in 2021) among the 16 ...
and in favor of statehood. However, the
Bundestag
The Bundestag (, "Federal Diet") is the German federal parliament. It is the only federal representative body that is directly elected by the German people. It is comparable to the United States House of Representatives or the House of Commons ...
forbade restoring the state of Oldenburg by a law of the 9th of January, 1976.
Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court, 1 August 1978
/ref>
Current Situation
The Oldenburgische Landschaft is responsible for the cultural heritage of Oldenburg Land (including Oldenburg Münsterland). The history of the state of Oldenburg is displayed in Schloss Oldenburg
Schloss Oldenburg (Oldenburg palace) is a schloss, or palace, in the city of Oldenburg in the present-day state of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the former residence of the counts (1667–1785), dukes (1785–1815) and grand dukes (1815–1918) ...
and other museums.
The territory of the former state of Oldenburg is presently divided among five federal states:
* Lower Saxony:
** Landkreis Oldenburg, except Samtgemeinde Harpstedt
** Landkreis Ammerland
Ammerland is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the city of Oldenburg and the districts of Oldenburg, Cloppenburg, Leer, Friesland and Wesermarsch.
History
The "Ammerland" was first mentioned ...
** Landkreis Cloppenburg
Cloppenburg is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Ammerland, Oldenburg (district), Oldenburg, Vechta (district), Vechta, Osnabrück (district), Osnabrück, Emsland and Leer (distr ...
** Landkreis Vechta
Vechta () is a district (''Landkreis'') in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Oldenburg, Diepholz, Osnabrück and Cloppenburg.
History
In the 13th century the region was acquired by the bisho ...
** Landkreis Friesland
Friesland is a district (''Landkreis'') in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the southeast and clockwise) the districts of Wesermarsch, Ammerland, Leer and Wittmund, and by the North Sea. The city of Wilhelmshaven is enclosed by—but ...
** Landkreis Wesermarsch
** Landkreis Cuxhaven
Cuxhaven is a district (''Landkreis'') in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Stade, Rotenburg, Osterholz and Wesermarsch, the city of Bremerhaven and the North Sea.
History
The district was ...
(Gemeinde Landwürden)
** Landkreis Diepholz (Gemeinde Stuhr
Stuhr is a municipality in the district of Diepholz, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 7 km southwest of Bremen. The biggest cities in Stuhr are Brinkum, Fahrenhorst, Groß Mackenstedt, Heiligenrode (Neukrug), Moordeich, ...
)
** Landkreis Leer
Leer is a district (''Landkreis'') in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northwest and clockwise) the city of Emden, the districts of Aurich, Wittmund, Friesland, Ammerland, Cloppenburg and Emsland, and by the Netherlands ( Provi ...
(Ortsteil Idafehn der Gemeinde Ostrhauderfehn)
** ''kreisfreie Stadt'' Oldenburg Oldenburg may also refer to:
Places
*Mount Oldenburg, Ellsworth Land, Antarctica
*Oldenburg (city), an independent city in Lower Saxony, Germany
**Oldenburg (district), a district historically in Oldenburg Free State and now in Lower Saxony
*Olde ...
** ''kreisfreie Stadt'' Delmenhorst
Delmenhorst (; Northern Low Saxon: ''Demost'') is an urban district (''Kreisfreie Stadt'') in Lower Saxony, Germany. It has a population of 74,500 and is located west of downtown Bremen with which it forms a contiguous urban area, whereas the ...
** ''kreisfreie Stadt'' Wilhelmshaven
Wilhelmshaven (, ''Wilhelm's Harbour''; Northern Low Saxon: ''Willemshaven'') is a coastal town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the western side of the Jade Bight, a bay of the North Sea, and has a population of 76,089. Wilhelmsha ...
* Schleswig-Holstein:
** Kreis Ostholstein
Ostholstein (; da, Østholsten) is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is bounded by (from the southwest and clockwise) the districts of Stormarn, Segeberg and Plön, the Baltic Sea and the city of Lübeck.
History
The district was es ...
(only Altkreis Eutin)
* Bremen
** Bremerhaven
Bremerhaven (, , Low German: ''Bremerhoben'') is a city at the seaport of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany.
It forms a semi-enclave in the state of Lower Saxony and is located at the mouth of the Riv ...
( Luneplate, since its redefinition at the end of 2009)
* Rheinland-Pfalz:
** Landkreis Birkenfeld (central part, especially Idar-Oberstein
Idar-Oberstein () is a town in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As a ''Große kreisangehörige Stadt'' (large city belonging to a district), it assumes some of the responsibilities that for smaller municipalities in ...
and Birkenfeld (Nahe))
* Saarland:
** Landkreis St. Wendel (part of Nohfelden
Nohfelden is a municipality in the district of Sankt Wendel, in Saarland, Germany. It is situated approximately north of Sankt Wendel, and southwest of Idar-Oberstein. It was formed during administrative reform in January 1974 from the merger o ...
)
Coat of Arms and Colors
In the nineteenth century the following coat of arms was adopted: A quartered shield, above divided, below divided by an upward point. In the first field are two red crossbars in gold (Oldenburg), in the second in blue a suspended golden cross (Delmenhorst), in the third in a blue field a suspended golden cross covered with a bishop's miter (Principality of Lübeck), in the fourth a red and white checkered field (Birkenfeld), in the point in a blue field a golden, crowned lion (Jever).
The state colors were blue and red, the flag blue with a red cross.
Bibliography
* ''Oldenburgische Bibliographie (16. Jahrhundert bis 1907)''. In der Landesbibliothek Oldenburg bearbeitet von Egbert Koolman. Lax, Hildesheim 1987 (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen, Bd. XXXa).
*
*
* Wolfgang Günther: ''Das Land Oldenburg unter nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft''. In: ''Oldenburger Jahrbuch,'' Bd. 85 (1985), S. 111–130
online
.
* Franz Hellbernd und Heinz Möller, '' Oldenburg, ein heimatkundliches Nachschlagewerk.'' Vechtaer Druckerei und Verlag GmbH, Vechta 1965.
* Paul Kollmann: ''Das Herzogthum Oldenburg in seiner wirthschaftlichen Entwickelung während der letzten vierzig Jahre auf statistischer Grundlage dargestellt''. Stalling, Oldenburg 1893
Digitalisat
.
*
* Horst Milde: ''Oldenburg in Niedersachsen. Einige Erinnerungen und Betrachtungen. Ein Beitrag zum 50jährigen Bestehen des Landes Niedersachsen''. In: ''Oldenburger Jahrbuch,'' Bd. 96 (1996), S. 1–23
online
.
*
*
* Schwarting A. C.: ''Oldenburg unter Herzog Peter Friedrich Ludwig von 1785–1811.'' – Gerh. Stalling, Oldenburg, 1936. – 70 S.
* Georg Sello: ''Die territoriale Entwicklung des Herzogtums Oldenburg.'' Neudruck der Ausgabe Göttingen 1917, Wenner, Osnabrück 1975.
*
*
* Rolf-Harald Wippich: ''Oldenburg und Ostasien. Der Schiffs- und Handelsverkehr eines norddeutschen Kleinstaates im Chinesischen Meer in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts.'' In: ''Jahrbuch für europäische Überseegeschichte,'' Bd. 4, 2004, S. 33–62, .
External links
* ttp://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Oldenburg/index.htm Der Freistaat Oldenburg im Überblick
Verwaltungsgeschichte Land Oldenburg
References
{{Authority control
Former states and territories of Lower Saxony
Oldenburg (state)